Figure 1
Key variables and their dimensions in optional financial information reporting and bank performance
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Table 1
Descriptive statistics of optional financial information reporting dimensions and bank performance metrics (2021–2023)
| Bank | Ashur Bank | Baghdad Bank | Investment Bank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dimension 1: General information that is optionally reported | 0.7500 | 0.7083 | 0.8750 |
| Dimension 2: Information about the bank’s strategy is optionally reported | 0.4167 | 0.4167 | 0.3333 |
| Dimension 3: Future information about expenses and revenues | 0.2000 | 0.2000 | 0.3333 |
| Dimension 4: Information about stocks and shareholders | 0.5556 | 0.6667 | 0.5556 |
| Dimension 5: General and credit risk management | 0.2381 | 0.4286 | 0.4762 |
| Dimension 6: Stockholders | 0.7500 | 0.7500 | 0.7500 |
| Dimension 7: Information about financial performance and its indicators | 0.2381 | 0.4286 | 0.5238 |
| Dimension 8: Review of accounting policy | 0.3333 | 0.4444 | 0.7778 |
| Dimension 9: Information on non-financial indicators | 0.4444 | 0.2963 | 0.4074 |
| Dimension 10: Information on social and environmental responsibility and community engagement | 0.1667 | 0.0556 | 0.1111 |
| Total OFIR | 0.4093 | 0.4395 | 0.5144 |
| Profitability score (2021–2023)1 | 0.1570 | 0.1992 | 0.1166 |
| Investment risk score (2021–2023)2 | 390.89 | 1.1019 | 0.6790 |
| Leverage score (2021–2023)3 | 1.8009 | 2.3294 | 1.5636 |
| Liquidity score (2021–2023)4 | 1.7489 | 1.5874 | 45.5502 |
| Capital adequacy score (2021–2023)5 | 0.8382 | 0.1601 | 33.4180 |
| Environment score (2021–2023)6 | 0.4368 | 0.5165 | 1.3565 |
| Strategic sustainable performance (2021–2023)7 | 77.812 | 1.0021 | 14.5620 |
(Source: Authors’ own research)
¹Profitability score represents the average ROA and ROE for 2021–2023.
2Investment risk score calculated using volatility of returns and non-performing loans over 2021–2023.
³Leverage score represents the average debt-to-equity ratio over 2021–2023.
⁴Liquidity score represents the average liquidity ratio (current and quick ratios) over 2021–2023.
⁵Capital adequacy score calculated using CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio) per Basel III standards for 2021–2023.
⁶Environment score aggregates ESG-related disclosure indicators reported from 2021–2023.
⁷Strategic sustainable performance represents a composite index of profitability, ESG, and capital adequacy metrics over 2021–2023.
Figure 2
Comparative strategic sustainable performance metrics across selected banks
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Figure 3
Radar chart showing optional financial information reporting (OFIR) dimensions by bank
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Figure 4
Comparative optional financial information reporting (OFIR) scores by bank
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Table 2
Correlation matrix between optional financial information reporting (OFIR) dimensions and key bank performance metrics
| Parameters | Profitability score | Investment risk score | Leverage score | Liquidity score | Capital adequacy score | Environment score | Strategic sustainable performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General information that is optionally reported | 0.071 | −0.508 | −0.339 | 0.615 | 0.606 | 0.098 | −0.107 |
| Information about the bank’s strategy is optionally reported | 0.779 | −0.346 | 0.260 | −0.173 | −0.520 | −0.655 | −0.346 |
| Future information about expenses and revenues | 0.000 | −0.414 | −0.207 | 0.725 | 0.621 | 0.414 | 0.207 |
| Information about stocks and shareholders | 0.725 | −0.518 | 0.414 | −0.207 | −0.414 | NA | −0.518 |
| General and credit risk management | 0.630 | −0.596 | −0.034 | 0.375 | −0.060 | 0.030 | −0.272 |
| Stockholders | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Information about financial performance and its indicators | 0.321 | −0.355 | −0.442 | 0.477 | 0.139 | 0.525 | −0.139 |
| Review of accounting policy | 0.279 | −0.259 | −0.478 | 0.488 | 0.319 | 0.617 | 0.060 |
| Information on non-financial indicators | 0.472 | −0.369 | −0.146 | 0.318 | 0.258 | 0.309 | −0.052 |
| Information on social and environmental responsibility and community engagement | 0.575 | −0.283 | −0.173 | −0.018 | 0.073 | 0.169 | −0.256 |
| Total OFIR | 0.567 | −0.550 | −0.233 | 0.417 | 0.150 | 0.371 | −0.233 |
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Table 3
Permutation test results for relationships between OFIR dimensions and key bank performance indicators
| Parameters | Observed | P value | Bootstrap CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Bank strategy vs. Profitability | 0.779 | 0.035 | 0.354 | 0.900 |
| Future information vs. Liquidity | 0.725 | 0.060 | 0.552 | 0.905 |
| Stocks and shareholders vs. Investment risk | −0.518 | 0.231 | −0.880 | 0.000 |
| Total OFIR vs. Strategic sustainable performance | −0.233 | 0.544 | −0.873 | 0.684 |
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Figure 5
Bootstrap confidence intervals for key OFIR-performance relationships
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Figure 6
Scatter plots showing associations between optional financial reporting and bank performance
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Table 4
Kruskal–Wallis test results for differences in bank performance metrics
| Variable | Chi-squared | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared | Profitability score | 1.867 | 0.393 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared1 | Investment risk score | 1.156 | 0.561 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared2 | Leverage score | 1.689 | 0.430 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared3 | Liquidity score | 5.600 | 0.061 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared4 | Capital adequacy score | 7.200 | 0.027 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared5 | Environment score | 0.857 | 0.651 |
| Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared6 | Strategic sustainable performance | 2.400 | 0.301 |
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Figure 7
Visualization of Kruskal–Wallis test for bank performance metrics
(Source: Authors’ own research)