References
- Abdullah, A., Almadhoun, T., Ling, Y., 2015. Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction and Commitment among Malaysian Secondary School Teachers, Asian Journal of Education Research, Vol. 3(3), pp.34-41.
- Alok, K., Israel, D., 2012. Authentic leadership and work engagement. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(3), pp.498-510.
- Amundsen, S., Martinsen, Q., 2015. Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-Leadership and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 22(3), pp.304-323.
- Anju, E.N. Mathew, A., 2017. Entrepreneurial leader-ship: A new managerial chore in the era of rampant changes. International Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 3(7), pp.744-746.
- Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Zhou, Q., Hartnell, C. A., 2012. Transformational leadership, innovative behavior, and task performance: test of mediation and moderation processes. Human Perferformance, No. 25, pp.1-25.
- Aydogmus, C., Camgoz, S.M., Ergeneli, A., Ek-mekci, O. T., 2018. Perceptions of transformational leadership and job satisfaction: The roles of personality traits and psychological empowerment. Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 24(1), pp.81107.
- Benoliel, P., Somech, A., 2010. Who benefits from participative management?. Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 48(3), pp.285-308.
- Bhatti, M., Ju, Y., Akram, U., Bhatti, M., Akram, Z., Bilal, M., 2019. Impact of Participative Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Mediating Role of Trust and Moderating Role of Continuance Commitment: Evidence from the Pakistan Hotel Industry. Sustainability, No. 11, pp.1170.
- Banking Association of South Africa, 2021. SME. [online] Available at:
- Blau, P.M., 1964. Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, No. 34, pp.193-206.
- Bushe, B., 2019. The causes and impact of business failure among small to micro and medium enterprises in South Africa. Africa ‘s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, Vol.7(1), pp.1-26.
- Cai, D., Cai, Y., Sun, Y., Ma, J., 2018. Linking empowering leadership and employee work engagement: The effects of person-job fit, person-group fit, and proactive personality. Frontiers in Psychology, No.9, 1304.
- Chan, S.C.H., Mak, W.M., 2016. Have you experienced fun in the workplace? An empirical study of workplace fun, trust-in-management and job satisfaction”, Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, Vol.7(1), pp.27-38.
- Chan, S., 2019. Participative leadership and job satisfaction The mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of fun experienced at work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 40(3), pp.319-333.
- Dhladhla, T., 2011. The Influence of Leader Behaviour, Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention. Masters Dissertation, Stellenbosch University.
- Decuypere, A., Schaufeli, W., 2019. Leadership and work engagement: Exploring explanatory mechanisms. German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, Vol. 34(4), pp.69-75.
- Gemeda, H.K., Lee, J., 2020. Leadership styles, work engagement and outcomes among information and communications technology professionals: A crossnational study. Heliyon, Vol. 6(4), e03699.
- Government Gazette, 2019. Revised Schedule 1 of the National Definition of Small Enterprise in South Africa. [online], Available at:
- Gu, J., Zhen, T., Song, Y., Xu, L., 2019. Job satisfaction of certified primary care physicians in rural Shandong Province, China: A cross-sectional study.BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 19(1), pp.7584.
- Halaychik, C.S., 2016. Leadership styles: Lessons in Library Leadership. Elsevier.
- Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., 2011. PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 19(2), pp.139-151.
- Hair, J. Risher, J., Sarsstedt, M. Ringle, Ch., 2019. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, No. 31, pp.2-24.
- Harper, E., Castrucci, B., Bharthapud, K. Sellers, K., 2015. Job Satisfaction: A Critical, Understudied Facet of Workforce Development in Public Health. Journal of Public Health Management Practice. No. 21(Suppl 6), pp.S46-S55.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., Sinkovics, R.R., 2009. The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in international marketing, No.20, pp.277-319.
- Hoppock, R., 1935. Job Satisfaction, Harper and Brothers, New York.
- Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., Cheung, Y., 2006. The Impact of Participative Leadership Behavior on Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Commitment in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Organizational Tenure. Asia Pacific Journal ofManagement, Vol. 23(3), pp.345-367
- Huang, X Iun, J Liu, A., Gong, Y., 2010. Does Participative Leadership Enhance Work Performance by Inducing Empowerment or Trust? The Differential Effects on Managerial and Non-Managerial Subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol. 31(1), pp.122-143.
- Jones, R., 2018. The Relationship of Employee Engagement and Employee Job Satisfaction to Organizational Commitment. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies.
- Jorge Correia de Sousa, M., van Dierendonck, D., 2014 Servant leadership and engagement in a merge process under high uncertainty. Journal of Organisational. Change. Management. No.27, pp.877-899.
- Kessler, S., Lucianetti, L., Pindek, S., Zhu, Z., Spector, P., 2020. Job satisfaction and firm performance: Can employees’ job satisfaction change the trajectory of a firm’s performance? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol.50(10). pp.563-572
- Kim, S., 2002. Participative management and job satisfaction: Lessons for management leadership. Public Administration Review, Vol.62(2), pp. 231241.
- Li, H., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Wang, S., Ying, J., Zhang, M.., Sun, J., 2018. “Relationship between nurse psychological empowerment and job satisfaction :a systematic review and meta-analysis”, Journal of Advanced Nursin g, Vol. 74(6) pp.1264-1277
- MacKinnon, D., 2011. Integrating Mediators and Moderators in Research Design. Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 21(6), pp.675-681.
- Mathew, J., Nair, S., 2021. Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-analytic Review. Vision. The Journal of Business Perspective, pp.1-10
- McKinsey, 2020. How South African SMEs can survive and thrive post COVID-19. [online], Available at:
- Miao, Q., Newman, A., Huang, X., 2014. The impact of participative leadership on job performance and organizational citizenship behaviour: distinguishing between the mediating effects of affective and cognitive trust. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 25(20), pp.2796-2810.
- Muqadas, F., Rehman, C.A., Aslam, U., 2017. Organizational justice and employee’s job dissatisfaction: a moderating role of psychological empowerment. Pakistan Business Review, Vol. 18(4), pp.848-864.
- Mwaisaka, D., K’Aol, G., Ouma, C., 2019. Influence of participative and achievement oriented leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, Vol. 8(5), pp.42-53.
- Namasivayam, K., Guchait, P., Lei, P., 2013. The influence of leader empowering behaviors and employee psychological empowerment on customer satisfaction. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 26(1), pp.69-84.
- Namazi, M.m Namazi, M., 2015. Conceptual Analysis of Moderator and Mediator Variables in Business Research. Procedía Economics and Finance, No. 36, pp.540-554.
- Ni, X., 2020. Does Authorization Have to Be Omnipotent? The “Double-Edged Sword” Effect of Empowering Leadership on Employee’s Behavior. Open Journal of Social Sciences, No. 8, pp.62-76.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2021. SMEs and entrepreneurship. [online], Available at:
- Raza, M., Nadeem, S., 2019. Drivers of Employee Engagement and their Impact on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions. Journal of Managerial Sciences, Vol. 12(2), pp.171-191.
- Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M.J., Martínez, I.M., 2011. Linking transformational leadership to nurses’ extra-role performance: The mediating role of self-efficacy and work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 67(10), pp.2256-2266.
- Sagnak, M., 2016. Participative leadership and change-oriented organizational citizenship: The mediating effect of intrinsic motivation. Eurasian Journal of Educational Researc h. No.62, pp.181-194.
- Sarti, D., 2014. Leadership styles to engage employees: evidence from human service organizations in Italy, Journal of Workplace Learning, No. 26 (3/4), pp.202-216.
- Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., Bakker, A.B., 2002. The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal Happiness Study. No. 3, pp.71-92.
- Schaufeli, W., 2012. Work engagement. What do we know and where do we go?”, Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 14(1), pp. 3-10.
- Schermuly, C., Creon, L., Gertach, P. Graßmann, C., 2022. Leadership Styles and Psychological Empowerment: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 29(4). pp.73-95.
- Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P.H., Cammann, C., 1983. Assessing Organizational Change, Wiley, New York.
- Seibert, S., Wang, G. Courtright, S., 2011. Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: a Meta-analytic review. The Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 96(5), pp.981-1003.
- Sigwela, T., 2020. The relationship between authentic leadership, psychological empowerment, work engagement and team effectiveness. Masters dissertation. Stellenbosch University.
- Sinani, F., 2016. The effects of participative leadership practices on job satisfaction for highly skilled virtual teams. Doctoral dissertation. Walden University.
- Sitharam, S., Hoque, M., 2016. Factors affecting the performance of small and medium enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Problems and Perspectives in Management, Vol. 14(2-2), pp.277-288.
- Smolarek, M., Sułkowski, L., 2020. Job satisfaction among SMEs employees in Fibres & Textiles of the CEE countries. Economics and Sociology, Vol. 13(2), pp.181-209.
- Spector, P.E., 1997. Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publication Inc.
- Spreitzer, G.M., 1995. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation”, Academy of ManagementJournal, Vol. 38(5), pp.1442-1465.
- Spreitzer, G.M., Kizilos, M.A., Nason, S.W., 1997. A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment, and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, No.23, pp.670-704.
- Spreitzer, 2008. Taking Stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work. The Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Sage Publications.
- Garcia-Vidal, G., Sánchez-Rodríguez, A., Pérez-Campdesuñer, R., Martínez-Vivar, R., 2019. The impact of self-confidence, creativity and vision on leadership performance: Perceptions at Ecuadorian SMEs owner/managers. Serbian Journal ofManage-ment Vol. 14(2), pp.1-9.
- Usman, M., Ghani, U., Cheng, J., Farid, T. Iqbal, S., 2021. Does Participative Leadership Matters in Employees’ Outcomes During COVID-19? Role of Leader Behavioral Integrity. Frontiers in Psychology, No. 12, pp.1-11.
- Vincent-Höper, S., Muser, C., Janneck, M., 2012. Transformational leadership, work engagement, and occupational success. The Career Development International, Vol. 17(7), pp.663-682.
- Wang, Q Zhou, Z., Bao, J, Zhang, X. Ju, W., 2020. How Is Ethical Leadership Linked to Subordinate Taking Charge? A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Exchange and Power Distance. Frontiers in Psychology, pp.1-12.
- World Bank, 2021. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Finance. [online], Available at:
- Yeh, C.M., 2013. Tourism involvement, work engagement and job satisfaction among frontline hotel employees. Annals of Tourism Research, No.42, pp.214-239.