Figure 1.

Path coefficient and T-statistics (Source: Author’s own research)
| Hypothesised path | Path coefficient | T-statistics | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1 PAL→JOS | 0.197 | 6.208 * | Supported |
| H2 PAL→POE | 0.244 | 3.295 ** | Supported |
| H3 POE→JOS | 0.183 | 3.339** | Supported |
| H4 PAL→WOE | 0.224 | 5.804* | Supported |
| H5 WOE→JOS | 0.272 | 2.904** | Supported |
Mediation results (Source: Author’s own research)
| Mediation path | Indirect effect | Total effectandT-statistics | Confidence interval bias (corrected) | Decision | VAF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | - | LL | UL | - | - |
| H6 | 0.185* | 0.229* | 0.058 | 0.217 | Accepted (full mediation) | 80.78% |
| H7 ESI→ENJ→ENE | 0.146** | 0.293** | 0.061 | 0.188 | Accepted (partial mediation) | 49.83% |
Measurement model (Source: Author’s own research)
| Construct | Measurement items | Loading | Cronbach’s alpha | Composite reliability | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participative leadership (PAL) (Mean 4.25) (Standard deviation 1.01) | PAL1 | 0.810 | 0.818 | 0.901 | 0.602 |
| - | PAL2 | 0.825 | - | - | - |
| - | PAL3 | 0.752 | - | - | - |
| - | PAL4 | 0.729 | - | - | - |
| - | PAL5 | 0.735 | - | - | - |
| - | PAL6 | 0.800 | - | - | - |
| Psychological empowerment (PYE) (Mean 3.78 Standard deviation 0.95) | POE 1 | 0.741 | 0.802 | 0.946 | 0.596 |
| - | POE2 | 0.748 | - | - | - |
| - | POE3 | 0.772 | - | - | - |
| - | POE4 | 0. 0.801 | - | - | - |
| - | POE5 | 0.829 | - | - | - |
| - | POE6 | 0.737 | - | - | - |
| - | POE7 | 0.758 | - | - | - |
| - | POE8 | 0.805 | - | - | - |
| - | POE9 | 0.728 | - | - | - |
| - | POE10 | 0.783 | - | - | - |
| - | POE11 | 0.746 | - | - | - |
| - | POE12 | 0.805 | - | - | - |
| Work engagement (WOE) (Mean 4.02, Standard deviation 1.03) | WOE1 | 0.801 | 0.782 | 0.927 | 0.581 |
| - | WOE2 | 0.759 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE3 | 0.732 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE4 | 0.783 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE5 | 0.736 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE6 | 0.805 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE7 | 0.777 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE8 | 0.739 | - | - | - |
| - | WOE9 | 0.726 | - | - | - |
| Job satisfaction (Mean 4.20, Standard deviation 0.99) | JOS1 | 0.800 | 0.815 | 0.808 | 0.583 |
| - | JOS2 | 0.759 | - | - | - |
| - | JOS3 | 0.731 | - | - | - |
Discriminant validity (Source: Author’s own research)
| CON | PAL | POE | WOE | JOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAL | 0.776 | - | - | - |
| POE | 0.626 | 0.772 | - | - |
| WOE | 0.585 | 0.608 | 0.762 | - |
| JOS | 0.604 | 0.583 | 0.612 | 0.764 |
HTMT (Source: Author’s own research)
| CON | PAL | POE | WOE | JOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAL | - | - | - | - |
| POE | 0.431 | - | - | - |
| WOE | 0.551 | 0.579 | - | - |
| JOE | 0.599 | 0.542 | 0.677 | - |
