Effect of magnesium sulphate biofortification in soilless production of microgreens

Adam Fuchsbauer; Aleš Jezdinský; Robert Pokluda

doi:10.2478/fhort-2026-0006

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Effect of magnesium sulphate biofortification in soilless production of microgreens

Folia Horticulturae

Volume 38 (2026): Issue 1 (August 2026)

By: Adam Fuchsbauer, Aleš Jezdinský and Robert Pokluda

Open Access

|Jul 2026

Adnan, M. (2020). Impact of foliar application of magnesium fertilizer on agronomic crops: A review. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences, 8(6), 281–288, https://doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8465.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ahmed, M. E., Elzaawely, A. A., and EL-Sawy, M. B. (2011). Effect of the foliar spraying with molybdenum and magnesium on vegetative growth and curd yields in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(2), 149–156.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Akladious, S. A. (2012). Influence of different soaking times with selenium on growth, metabolic activities of wheat seedlings under low temperature stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(82), 14792–14804, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.2140.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Altarugio, L. M., Loman, M. H., Nirschl, M. G., Silvano, R. G., Zavaschi, E., Carneiro, L. D. E. M. E. S., Vitti, G. C., Luz, P. H. D. E. C., and Otto, R. (2017). Yield performance of soybean and corn subjected to magnesium foliar spray. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 52, 1185–1191, https://doi. org/10.1590/S0100-204X2017001200007.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Amaya-Olivas, N. I., Sanchez, E., Hernandez-Ochoa, L., Ojeda-Barrios, D. L., Avila-Quezada, G. D., Flores-Córdova, M. A., and Ramírez-Estrada, C. A. (2023). Biofortification with magnesium nanofertilizer on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in green beans. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 51(1), 12830, https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha51112830.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Arya, S. P., Mahajan, M., and Jain, P. (2000). Non-spectrophotometric methods for the determination of vitamin C. Analytica Chimica Acta, 417(1), 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00909-0.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blatný, P., Kvasnička, F., Loučka, R., and Šafarová, H. (1997). Determination of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium in silage by capillary isotachophoresis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(9), 3554–3558, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9606767.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Borowski, E., and Michałek, S. (2010). The effect of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with magnesium salts and urea on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality. Acta Agrobotanica, 63(1), 77–86, https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.009.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brazaitytė, A., Vaštakaitė, V., Viršilė, A., Jankauskienė, J., Samuolienė, G., Sakalauskienė, S., and Duchovskis, P. (2018). Changes in mineral element content of microgreens cultivated under different lighting conditions in a greenhouse. Acta Horticulturae, 1227, 507–516, https://doi. org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.64.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Buturi, C. V., Mauro, R. P., Fogliano, V., Leonardi, C., and Giuffrida, F. (2021). Mineral biofortification of vegetables as a tool to improve human diet. Foods, 10(2), 223, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020223.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Caracciolo, F., EL-Nakhel, C., Raimondo, M., Kyriacou, M. C., Cembalo, L., De Pascale, S., and Rouphael, Y. (2020). Sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of 12 microgreens species. Agronomy, 10(7), 1043, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071043.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chaudhary, D. P., Sharma, R., and Bansal, D. D. (2009). Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: A review. Biological Trace Element Research, 134, 119–129, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8465-z.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chen, Z. C., Peng, W. T., Li, J., and Liao, H. (2018). Functional dissection and transport mechanism of magnesium in plants. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 74, 142–152, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.005.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chmielowska-Bąk, J., Zinicovscaia, I., Frontasyeva, M., Milczarek, A., Micheli, S., Vysochanska, M., and Deckert, J. (2018). Soybean seedlings enriched with iron and magnesium – impact on germination, growth and antioxidant properties. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 25(4), 631–641, https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0042.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ciscomani-Larios, J. P., Sánchez-Chávez, E., Jacobo-Cuellar, J. L., Sáenz-Hidalgo, H. K., Orduño-Cruz, N., Cruz-Alvarez, O., and Ávila-Quezada, G. D. (2021). Biofortification efficiency with magnesium salts on the increase of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in snap beans. Ciência Rural, 51(6), e20200442, https://doi. org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200442.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
D’Imperio, M., Parente, A., Montesano, F. F., Renna, M., Logrieco, A. F., and Serio, F. (2020). Boron biofortification of Portulaca oleracea L. through soilless cultivation for a new tailored crop. Agronomy, 10(7), 999, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070999.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dhaliwal, S. S., Sharma, V., Shukla, A. K., Verma, V., Kaur, M., Shivay, Y. S., Nisar, S., Gaber, A., Brestic, M., Barek, V., Skalicky, M., Ondrisik, P., and Hossain, A. (2022). Biofortification – a frontier novel approach to enrich micronutrients in field crops to encounter the nutritional security. Molecules, 27(4), 1340, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041340.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Di Gioia, F., Hong, J., Pisani, C., Petropoulos, S. A., Bai, J., and Rosskopf, E. N. (2023). Yield performance, mineral profile, and nitrate content in a selection of seventeen microgreen species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1220691, https://doi. org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1220691.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Di Gioia, F., Petropoulos, S. A., Ozores-Hampton, M., Morgan, K., and Rosskopf, E. N. (2019). Zinc and iron agronomic biofortification of Brassicaceae microgreens. Agronomy, 9(11), 677, https://doi. org/10.3390/agronomy9110677.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dinicolantonio, J. J., O’Keefe, J. H., and Wilson, W. (2018). Subclinical magnesium deficiency: A principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis. Open Heart, 5(1), e000668, https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ebert, A. W. (2022). Sprouts and microgreens—novel food sources for healthy diets. Plants, 11(4), 571, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040571.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fanasca, S., Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Saccardo, F., Maiani, G., Venneria, E., and Azzini, E. (2006). Evolution of nutritional value of two tomato genotypes grown in soilless culture as affected by macrocation proportions. Hortscience: A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 41 (7), 1584–1588, https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.7.1584.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fiorentini, D., Cappadone, C., Farruggia, G., and Prata, C. (2021). Magnesium: Biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency. Nutrients, 13(4), 1136, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041136.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ghasemzadeh, A., Ashkani, S., Baghdadi, A., Pazoki, A., Jaafar, H., and Rahmat, A. (2016). Improvement in flavonoids and phenolic acids production and pharmaceutical quality of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by ultraviolet-B irradiation. Molecules, 21(9), 1203, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091203.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gokul, D., Poonkodi, P., and Angayarkanni, A. (2021). Effect of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers and magnesium sulfate on yield attributes, yield and quality of chilli. The International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis, 13(4), 779–783.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guo, W., Chen, S., Hussain, N., Cong, Y., Liang, Z., and Chen, K. (2015). Magnesium stress signaling in plant: Just a beginning. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 10(3), e992287, https://doi.org/10.4161/15592324. 2014.992287.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gupta, A., Sharma, T., Singh, S. P., Bhardwaj, A., Srivastava, D., and Kumar, R. (2023). Prospects of microgreens as budding living functional food: Breeding and biofortification through OMICS and other approaches for nutritional security. Frontiers in Genetics, 14, 1053810, https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1053810.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hawkesford, M., Horst, W., Kichey, T., Lambers, H., Schjoerring, J., Møller, I. S., and White, P. (2012). Functions of macronutrients. In P. Marschner (Ed.), Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (pp. 135–189). London, UK: Academic Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00006-6.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ishfaq, M., Wang, Y., Yan, M., Wang, Z., Wu, L., Li, C., and Li, X. (2022). Physiological essence of magnesium in plants and its widespread deficiency in the farming system of China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 802274, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.802274.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Islam, M. Z., Park, B.-J., Kang, H.-M., and Lee, Y.-T. (2020). Influence of selenium biofortification on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of wheat microgreen extract. Food Chemistry, 309, 125763, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125763.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Janas, K. M., Amarowicz, R., Zielińska-Tomaszewska, J., Kosińska, A., and Posmyk, M. M. (2009). Induction of phenolic compounds in two dark-grown lentil cultivars with different tolerance to copper ions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31, 587–595, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0268-x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kathi, S., Laza, H., Singh, S., Thompson, L., Li, W., and Simpson, C. (2023). Vitamin C biofortification of broccoli microgreens and resulting effects on nutrient composition. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1145992, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1145992.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kathi, S., Laza, H., Singh, S., Thompson, L., Li, W., and Simpson, C. (2024). Simultaneous biofortification of vitamin C and mineral nutrients in arugula microgreens. Food Chemistry, 440, 138180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138180.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kleczkowski, L. A., and Igamberdiev, A. U. (2021). Magnesium signaling in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1159, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031159.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kleiber, T., Golcz, A., and Krzesiński, W. (2012). Effect of magnesium nutrition of onion (Allium cepa L.). Part I. Yielding and nutrient status. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 19(1), 97–105, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0010-2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kobayashi, H., Masaoka, Y., and Sato, S. (2005). Effects of excess magnesium on the growth and mineral content of rice and Echinochloa. Plant Production Science, 8(1), 38–43, https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.8.38.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koh, E., Wimalasiri, K. M. S., Chassy, A. W., and Mitchell, A. E. (2009). Content of ascorbic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and total phenolics in commercial broccoli. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22(7–8), 637–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.01.019.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kowitcharoen, L., Phornvillay, S., Lekkham, P., Pongprasert, N., and Srilaong, V. (2021). Bioactive composition and nutritional profile of microgreens cultivated in Thailand. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 7981, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177981.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lenzi, A., Orlandini, A., Bulgari, R., Ferrante, A., and Bruschi, P. (2019). Antioxidant and mineral composition of three wild leafy species: A comparison between microgreens and baby greens. Foods, 8(10), 487, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100487.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu, H., Chen, X., Chen, R., Song, S., and Sun, G. (2008). Effects of magnesium deficiency on growth and photosynthesis of flowering Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturae, 767, 169–176, https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.767.16.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu, Z., Shi, J., Wan, J., Pham, Q., Zhang, Z., Sun, J., Yu, Q., Luo, Y., Wang, T. T. Y., and Chen, P. (2021). Profiling of polyphenols and glucosinolates in kale and broccoli microgreens grown under chamber and windowsill conditions by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. ACS Food Science & Technology, 2(1), 101–113, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00355.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Louzada, M. L. C., Martins, A. P. B., Canella, D. S., Baraldi, L. G., Levy, R. B., Claro, R. M., Moubarac, J.-C., Cannon, G., and Monteiro, C. A. (2015). Impact of ultra-processed foods on micronutrient content in the Brazilian diet. Revista de Saúde Pública, 49(45). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049006211.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Malik, A. A., Chattoo, M. A., Sheemar, G., and Rashid, R. (2011). Growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper hybrid SH-SP-5 (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by integration of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures (FYM). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(4), 1037–1048.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morales-Morales, A. E., Alvarado-López, C. J., Andueza-Noh, R. H., Tun-Suarez, J. M., and Medina-Dzul, K. B. (2020). Nutritional and nutraceutical quality of cowpea green bean (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) from Yucatan Peninsula. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 7(3), e2541, https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a7n3.2541.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Munir, M., Qayyum, A., Raza, S., Siddiqui, N. R., Mumtaz, A., Safdar, N., Shible, S., Afzal, S., and Bashir, S. (2017). Nutritional assessment of basil seed and its utilization in development of value added beverage. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 30(3), 266–271, https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2017.30.3.266.271.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Naidu, K. A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2(7), 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-2-7.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
National Academies Press. (1997). Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press, https://doi.org/10.17226/5776.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Newman, R. G., Moon, Y., Sams, C. E., Tou, J. C., and Waterland, N. L. (2021). Biofortification of sodium selenate improves dietary mineral contents and antioxidant capacity of culinary herb microgreens. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 716437, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.716437.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nguyen, T., Nandasiri, R., Fadairo, O., and Eskin, N. M. (2024). Phenolics of mustard seeds: A review on composition, processing effect and their bioactivities. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 101(1), 5–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12783.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nguyen, V. T., Nguyen, N. Q., Thi, N. Q. N., Thi, C. Q. N., Truc, T. T., and Nghi, P. T. B. (2021). Studies on chemical, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of sweet basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1092(1), 012083, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1092/1/012083.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nielsen, F. H. (2018). Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: Current perspectives. Journal of Inflammation Research, 11, 25–34, https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S136742.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pannico, A., EL-Nakhel, C., Graziani, G., Kyriacou, M. C., Giordano, M., Soteriou, G. A., Zarrelli, A., Ritieni, A., DE Pascale, S., and Rouphael, Y. (2020). Selenium biofortification impacts the nutritive value, polyphenolic content, and bioactive constitution of variable microgreens genotypes. Antioxidants, 9(4), 272, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040272.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Paraschivu, M., Cotuna, O., SărăȚeanu, V., Durău, C. C., and Păunescu, R. A. (2021). Microgreens – current status, global market trends and forward statements. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 21(3), 633–640.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Patras, A., Stoleru, V., Filimon, R. V., Padureanu, S., Chelariu, E. L., and Biliaderis, C. G. (2017). Influence of sodium and maturity stage on the antioxidant properties of cauliflower and broccoli sprouts. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 45(2), 458–465, https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210972.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Poudel, P., DI Gioia, F., Lambert, J. D., and Connolly, E. L. (2023). Zinc biofortification through seed nutri-priming using alternative zinc sources and concentration levels in pea and sunflower microgreens. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1177844, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1177844.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Przybysz, A., Wrochna, M., Małecka-Przybysz, M., Gawrońska, H., and Gawroński, S. W. (2015). The effects of Mg enrichment of vegetable sprouts on Mg concentration, yield and ROS generation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(10), 3469–3476, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7530.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Przybysz, A., Wrochna, M., Małecka-Przybysz, M., Gawrońska, H., and Gawroński, S. W. (2016). Vegetable sprouts enriched with iron: Effects on yield, ROS generation and antioxidative system. Scientia Horticulturae, 203, 110–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.017.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Puccinelli, M., Malorgio, F., Rosellini, I., and Pezzarossa, B. (2019). Production of selenium-biofortified microgreens from selenium-enriched seeds of basil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(12), 5601–5605, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9826.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Renna, M., D’Imperio, M., Maggi, S., and Serio, F. (2022). Soilless biofortification, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability: Signposts on the path to personalized nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 966018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.966018.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rouphael, Y., and Kyriacou, M. C. (2018). Enhancing quality of fresh vegetables through salinity eustress and biofortification applications facilitated by soilless cultivation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1254, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01254.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shaul, O., Hilgemann, D. W., De-Almeida-Engler, J., Van Montagu, M., Inzé, D., and Galili, G. (1999). Cloning and characterization of a novel Mg²⁺/H⁺ exchanger. The EMBO Journal, 18, 3973–3980, https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.14.3973.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sheikhi, H., Nicola, S., Delshad, M., and Bulgari, R. (2024). Sodium selenate biofortification, through seed priming, on dill microgreens grown in two different cultivation systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1474420, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1474420.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shoeb, E., and Hefferon, K. (2022). Crop biofortification and food security. In V. Kumar, A. K. Srivastava and P. Suprasanna (Eds.), Plant Nutrition and Food Security in the Era of Climate Change (pp. 423–436). London, UK: Academic Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822916-3.00018-4.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siddique, S. (2017). Enhancement of growth and productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) through foliar application of calcium and magnesium. Pure and Applied Biology, 6(2), 402–411, https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60040.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tang, R.-J., and Luan, S. (2017). Regulation of calcium and magnesium homeostasis in plants: From transporters to signaling network. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 39, 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.009.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tang, R.-J., Zhao, F.-G., Garcia, V. J., Kleist, T. J., Yang, L., Zhang, H.-X., and Luan, S. (2015). Tonoplast CBL–CIPK calcium signaling network regulates magnesium homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(10), 3134–3139, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420944112.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tavan, M., Wee, B., Fuentes, S., Pang, A., Brodie, G., Gonzalez Viejo, C., and Gupta, D. (2024). Biofortification of kale microgreens with selenate-selenium using two delivery methods: Selenium-rich soilless medium and foliar application. Scientia Horticulturae, 323, 112522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112522.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Teklić, T., Parađiković, N., Špoljarević, M., Zeljković, S., Lončarić, Z., and Lisjak, M. (2020). Linking abiotic stress, plant metabolites, biostimulants and functional food. Annals of Applied Biology, 178(2), 169–191, https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12651.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tian, X.-Y., He, D.-D., Bai, S., Zeng, W.-Z., Wang, Z., Wang, M., Wu, L.-Q., and Chen, Z.-C. (2021). Physiological and molecular advances in magnesium nutrition of plants. Plant and Soil, 468, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05139-w.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tilahun, S., Baek, M. W., An, K.-S., Choi, H. R., Lee, J. H., Hong, J. S., and Jeong, C. S. (2023). Radish microgreens produced without substrate in a vertical multi-layered growing unit are rich in nutritional metabolites. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1236055, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1236055.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (2024). FoodData Central: Cucumber, with peel, raw. Retrieved from https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/168409/nutrients, date 2024-12-15.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Verbruggen, N., and Hermans, C. (2013). Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants. Plant and Soil, 368, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1589-0.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Viltres-Portales, M., Sánchez-Martín, M. J., Llugany, M., Boada, R., and Valiente, M. (2024). Selenium biofortification of microgreens: Influence on phytochemicals, pigments and nutrients. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 206, 108283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108283.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vrkić, R., Benko, B., Fabek Uher, S., and Šic Žlabur, J. (2024). Yield and morphology of mustard and garden cress microgreens grown under LED’s supplemental lighting. Acta Horticulturae, 1391, 329–334, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2024.1391.45.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang, Y., Wu, B., Berns, A. E., Xing, Y., Kuhn, A. J., and Amelung, W. (2020a). Magnesium isotope fractionation reflects plant response to magnesium deficiency in magnesium uptake and allocation: A greenhouse study with wheat. Plant and Soil, 455, 93–105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04604-2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang, Z., Hassan, M. U., Nadeem, F., Wu, L., Zhang, F., and Li, X. (2020b). Magnesium fertilization improves crop yield in most production systems: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1727, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01727.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weber, C. F. (2016). Nutrient content of cabbage and lettuce microgreens grown on vermicompost and hydroponic growing pads. Journal of Horticulture, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000190.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. (2009). Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytologist, 182(1), 49–84, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xiao, Z., Codling, E. E., Luo, Y., Nou, X., Lester, G. E., and Wang, Q. (2016). Microgreens of Brassicaceae: Mineral composition and content of 30 varieties. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 49, 87–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.04.006.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xiao, Z., Lester, G. E., Park, E., Saftner, R. A., Luo, Y., and Wang, Q. (2015). Evaluation and correlation of sensory attributes and chemical compositions of emerging fresh produce: Microgreens. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 110, 140–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.07.021.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xiao, Z., Rausch, S. R., Luo, Y., Sun, J., Yu, L., Wang, Q., Chen, P., Yu, L., and Stommel, J. R. (2019). Microgreens of Brassicaceae: Genetic diversity of phytochemical concentrations and antioxidant capacity. LWT, 101, 731–737, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.076.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xuan, T. D., Huong, C. T., Quan, N. V., Anh, L. H., Khanh, T. D., and Rayee, R. (2022). Improvement of salinity tolerance in rice seedlings by exogenous magnesium sulfate application. Soil Systems, 6(3), 69, https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6030069.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yadav, A. K., Seth, A., Kumar, V., and Datta, A. (2022). Agronomic biofortification of wheat through proper fertilizer management to alleviate zinc malnutrition: A review. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 54(2), 154–177, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2110892.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yadav, L. P., Koley, T. K., Tripathi, A., and Singh, S. (2019). Antioxidant potentiality and mineral content of summer season leafy greens: Comparison at mature and microgreen stages using chemometric. Agricultural Research, 8, 165–175, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-018-0378-7.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zbíral, J. (2005). Analýza rostlinného materiálu: jednotné pracovní postupy. Brno: Ústřední kontrolní a zkušební ústav zemědělský.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ziemichód, A., Wójcik, M., and Różyło, R. (2019). Ocimum tenuiflorum seeds and Salvia hispanica seeds: Mineral and amino acid composition, physical properties, and use in gluten-free bread. CyTA Journal of Food, 17(1), 804–813, https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2019.1658645.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zlámalová, T., Elbl, J., Baroň, M., Bělíková, H., Lampíř, L., Hlušek, J., and Lošák, T. (2015). Using foliar applications of magnesium and potassium to improve yields and some qualitative parameters of vine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Soil and Environment, 61(10), 451–457, https://doi.org/10.17221/437/2015-pse.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zloch, Z., Čelakovský, J., and Aujezdská, A. (2004). Stanovení obsahu polyfenolů a celkové antioxidační kapacity v potravinách rostlinného původu. Plzeň: Ústav hygieny Lékařské fakulty UK.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2026-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 71 - 89

Submitted on: Oct 27, 2025

Published on: Jul 22, 2026

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

functional food,

magnesium,

nutritional quality,

phytochemical analysis

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Plant science

© 2026 Adam Fuchsbauer, Aleš Jezdinský, Robert Pokluda, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 38 (2026): Issue 1 (August 2026)