Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
PCA loadings of morphophysiological and nutritional traits in F_ hybrida_
| Contribution of the observations (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
| A1 | 0.325 | 14.725 | 16.077 | 0.000 | 12.147 |
| A2 | 63.360 | 2.646 | 2.755 | 7.090 | 3.387 |
| A3 | 7.720 | 5.919 | 3.687 | 54.765 | 13.054 |
| A4 | 5.723 | 23.365 | 20.972 | 27.441 | 7.961 |
| A5 | 9.469 | 0.512 | 39.624 | 8.856 | 7.101 |
| C | 0.076 | 49.967 | 3.043 | 1.411 | 9.453 |
| C.F. | 13.327 | 2.865 | 13.841 | 0.437 | 46.897 |
Bulb content analyses after harvest_
| Grp. | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 1.85 ±0.011 e | 0.19 ± 0.03 b | 0.63 ± 0.032 e | 0.28 ± 0.005 b | 0.12 ± 0.005 d | 1362 ± 33.45 e | 27.4 ± 1.153 cd | 10.03 ± 1.87 c | 4.23 ± 0.28 e |
| A2 | 2.10 ± 0.015 b | 0.24 ±0.00 a | 0.76 ± 0.015 b | 0.32 ±0.005 a | 0.25 ±0.005 a | 4660 ±61.46 a | 83.53 ±2.122 a | 18.36 ±0.28 a | 11.93 ±0.11 a |
| A3 | 1.93 ± 0.017 d | 0.14 ± 0.00 d | 0.64 ± 0.05 de | 0.27 ± 0.005 b | 0.10 ±0.01 e | 394 ± 20.54 f | 26.1 ± 19.52 de | 4.80 ±0.2 e | 3.73 ±0.51 f |
| A4 | 2.35 ±0.005 a | 0.19 ± 0.00 b | 0.82 ±0.005 a | 0.23 ± 0.005 c | 0.15 ± 0.005 c | 2106 ± 24.2 c | 39.36 ± 1.001 c | 10.46 ± 0.50 c | 5.73 ± 0.15 c |
| A5 | 1.80 ±0.011 f | 0.20 ± 0.05 b | 0.66 ±0.01 d | 0.22 ±0.001 d | 0.10 ± 0.00 e | 358 ± 17.95 f | 13.2 ± 0.66 e | 7.53 ± 1.10 d | 4.86 ± 0.25 d |
| C.F. | 1.71 ± 0.015 g | 0.16 ±0.05 cd | 0.59 ± 0.00 f | 0.21 ±0.01 d | 0.12 ± 0.005 d | 1546 ± 61.20 d | 30.6 ± 1.17 cd | 5.66 ± 0.68 e | 4.16 ± 0.15 ef |
| C. | 1.98 ±0.01 c | 0.18 ±0.01 be | 0.72 ± 0.005 c | 0.21 ±0.00 d | 0.18 ± 0.005 b | 3307 ± 94.90 b | 57.53 ± 2.35 b | 12.9 ± 0.55 b | 7.46 ± 0.25 b |
| LSD | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 64.5 | 13.16 | 1.135 | 0.48 |
| %CV | 0.66 | 7.87 | 2.18 | 2.46 | 4.14 | 2.65 | 18.94 | 9.18 | 4.59 |
Variable contributions (%) to principal components (F1-F5) in F_ hybrida_
| F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDW | 9.298 | 2.352 | 0.064 | 3.831 | 0.449 |
| NC | 9.300 | 1.773 | 1.692 | 0.867 | 0.763 |
| Net Δ CD | 0.443 | 26.367 | 7.287 | 21.948 | 12.173 |
| LA | 8.212 | 1.165 | 1.591 | 8.995 | 9.854 |
| Chl | 5.358 | 10.412 | 1.478 | 2.892 | 16.346 |
| Net Δ CFW | 5.896 | 10.063 | 10.705 | 0.010 | 0.544 |
| N | 2.722 | 6.975 | 40.434 | 0.672 | 7.444 |
| P | 6.629 | 0.617 | 17.751 | 9.799 | 1.459 |
| K | 5.794 | 0.236 | 4.714 | 14.823 | 40.051 |
| Ca | 4.974 | 3.663 | 7.127 | 34.386 | 3.819 |
| Mg | 8.991 | 5.203 | 0.636 | 0.033 | 1.037 |
| Fe | 7.508 | 9.385 | 2.431 | 0.360 | 3.295 |
| Mn | 7.833 | 9.133 | 1.842 | 0.014 | 2.750 |
| Zn | 8.700 | 4.472 | 1.790 | 1.142 | 0.011 |
| Cu | 8.342 | 8.183 | 0.457 | 0.226 | 0.004 |
Microbial traits and compositions of PGPB formulations implemented in the trial_
| Code | Characteristics | Active components | Proportions (CFU · mL-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Siderophores production | Bacillus toyonensis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis | 1 × 107 |
| A2 | IAA production | Bacillus toyonensis, Pseudomonas putida | 1 × 107 |
| A3 | Phosphate solubilisation | Bacillus proteolyticus, Pseudomonas batumici | 1 × 107 |
| A4 | Potassium solubilisation | Pseudomonas lini, Bacillus safensis | 1 × 107 |
| A5 | N2 fixer | Pseudomonas konensis, Bacillus thuringiensis | 1 × 107 |
Soil properties by treatment_
| Grp. | PH | CaCO. (%) | Salt (%) | Sat (%) | OM (%) | Ntotal (%) | P avail | Kavail | Caextr | Mgextr | Feextr | Mnextr | Znextr | Cuextr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bad | 5.53 ± 0.05 c | 0.86 ± 0.11b | 0.15 ±0.00 a | 75.6 ± 0.57 b | 3.18 ± 0.02 c | 0.21 ± 0.00 b | 26.4 ± 0.59 c | 89.4 ± 1.22 a | 2284 ± 19.68 ab | 282 ± 1.80 b | 33.3 ± 1.10 b | 15.9 ± 0.40 b | 1.91 ± 0.05 c | 1.92 ± 0.07 c |
| C.F. | 6.22 ±0.00 a | 1.70 ± 0.2 a | 0.04 ±0.001 c | 78.6 ±0.57 a | 3.65 ± 0.01b | 0.23 ± 0.00 a | 43.52 ±2.87 a | 83.3 ± 1.85 b | 2184 ± 77.86 b | 233 ± 7.90 c | 33.7 ± 0.80 b | 8.10 ±0.21 c | 2.64 ± 0.08 b | 2.21 ± 0.07 b |
| Cont | 5.83 ± 0.05 b | 0.83 ± 0.05 b | 0.10 ± 0.0005 b | 77.6 ± 1.154 a | 4.25 ± 0.025 a | 0.20 ± 0.00 c | 39.7 ± 1.086 b | 73.5 ± 1.80 c | 2341 ± 37.06 a | 316 ± 7.29 a | 37.4 ± 0.75 a | 15.4 ± 0.22 b | 2.79 ± 0.05 a | 3.87 ±0.12 a |
| LSD | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 1.63 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 3.61 | 3.30 | 102.05 | 12.59 | 1.80 | 0.59 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
| %CV | 0.80 | 12.12 | 0.11 | 1.06 | 0.54 | 1.22 | 4.93 | 2.01 | 2.25 | 2.27 | 2.59 | 2.16 | 2.68 | 3.56 |
Effects of PGPB consortia and chemical fertilisation on bulb development and reproductive traits in F_ hybrida_
| Grp. | CDW (g · parcel-1) | Net Δ CFW (g · parcel-1) | Net Δ CD (mm · parcel-1) | NC (number · parcel-1) | LA (cm2) | CHL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 3.47 ± 0.26 c | 8.87 ± 1.33 b | 16.13 ± 0.67 c | 3.13 ± 0.34 a | 85.42 ± 10.29 bc | 59.58 ± 6.52 a |
| A2 | 4.20 ± 0.42 a | 10.46 ± 0.36 a | 21.15 ± 1.58 a | 2.53 ± 0.50 bc | 91.11 ± 9.65 a | 60.35 ± 5.65 a |
| A3 | 3.15 ± 0.51 d | 9.21 ± 1.33 b | 15.04 ± 1.24 d | 2.17 ± 0.38 d | 86.59 ± 11.81 bc | 58.03 ± 7.12 ab |
| A4 | 3.94 ± 0.49 b | 10.51 ± 0.31 a | 17.35 ± 1.59 b | 2.97 ± 0.14 a | 87.04 ± 9.90 ab | 59.64 ± 6.08 a |
| A5 | 3.27 ± 0.50 d | 8.37 ± 1.25 c | 15.09 ± 1.88 d | 2.62 ± 0.49 b | 85.09 ± 9.95 bc | 55.26 ± 8.11 b |
| C.F. | 3.21 ± 0.48 d | 9.03 ± 1.27 b | 14.10 ± 1.67 e | 2.40 ± 0.49 c | 84.90 ± 10.04 bc | 56.32 ± 4.22 b |
| C | 3.28 ± 0.54 d | 8.30 ± 0.97 c | 14.37 ± 2.01 e | 2.00 ± 0.21 e | 82.55 ± 9.56 c | 52.19 ± 8.37 c |
| LSD | 0.29 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 4.23 | 4.92 |
| %CV | 12.33 | 11.52 | 9.77 | 15.38 | 11.83 | 11.72 |
Pearson correlation matrix among morphophysiological and nutritional traits of F_ hybrida_
| Variables | CDW | NC | Net Δ CD | LA | CHL | Net Δ CFW | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDW | 1 | 0.943 | 0.439 | 0.823 | 0.699 | 0.861 | 0.576 | 0.795 | 0.780 | 0.605 | 0.810 | 0.715 | 0.724 | 0.796 | 0.758 |
| NC | 0.943 | 1 | 0.339 | 0.930 | 0.730 | 0.801 | 0.455 | 0.807 | 0.623 | 0.810 | 0.796 | 0.674 | 0.710 | 0.793 | 0.803 |
| Net Δ CD | 0.439 | 0.339 | 1 | 0.130 | 0.438 | 0.360 | 0.209 | 0.372 | 0.171 | 0.234 | -0.045 | -0.130 | -0.157 | 0.079 | -0.142 |
| LA | 0.823 | 0.930 | 0.130 | 1 | 0.810 | 0.718 | 0.371 | 0.670 | 0.651 | 0.829 | 0.730 | 0.593 | 0.644 | 0.734 | 0.774 |
| Chl | 0.699 | 0.730 | 0.438 | 0.810 | 1 | 0.601 | 0.439 | 0.468 | 0.619 | 0.736 | 0.500 | 0.373 | 0.390 | 0.575 | 0.432 |
| Net Δ CFW | 0.861 | 0.801 | 0.360 | 0.718 | 0.601 | 1 | 0.817 | 0.407 | 0.663 | 0.541 | 0.567 | 0.471 | 0.492 | 0.444 | 0.484 |
| N | 0.576 | 0.455 | 0.209 | 0.371 | 0.439 | 0.817 | 1 | -0.001 | 0.458 | 0.325 | 0.439 | 0.433 | 0.425 | 0.254 | 0.234 |
| P | 0.795 | 0.807 | 0.372 | 0.670 | 0.468 | 0.407 | -0.001 | 1 | 0.543 | 0.504 | 0.744 | 0.661 | 0.670 | 0.854 | 0.802 |
| K | 0.780 | 0.623 | 0.171 | 0.651 | 0.619 | 0.663 | 0.458 | 0.543 | 1 | 0.177 | 0.664 | 0.602 | 0.591 | 0.658 | 0.610 |
| Ca | 0.605 | 0.810 | 0.234 | 0.829 | 0.736 | 0.541 | 0.325 | 0.504 | 0.177 | 1 | 0.530 | 0.405 | 0.462 | 0.545 | 0.550 |
| Mg | 0.810 | 0.796 | -0.045 | 0.730 | 0.500 | 0.567 | 0.439 | 0.744 | 0.664 | 0.530 | 1 | 0.982 | 0.988 | 0.959 | 0.960 |
| Fe | 0.715 | 0.674 | -0.130 | 0.593 | 0.373 | 0.471 | 0.433 | 0.661 | 0.602 | 0.405 | 0.982 | 1 | 0.996 | 0.924 | 0.920 |
| Mn | 0.724 | 0.710 | -0.157 | 0.644 | 0.390 | 0.492 | 0.425 | 0.670 | 0.591 | 0.462 | 0.988 | 0.996 | 1 | 0.926 | 0.944 |
| Zn | 0.796 | 0.793 | 0.079 | 0.734 | 0.575 | 0.444 | 0.254 | 0.854 | 0.658 | 0.545 | 0.959 | 0.924 | 0.926 | 1 | 0.941 |
| Cu | 0.758 | 0.803 | -0.142 | 0.774 | 0.432 | 0.484 | 0.234 | 0.802 | 0.610 | 0.550 | 0.960 | 0.920 | 0.944 | 0.941 | 1 |