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Effects of rain-shelter cultivation on tomato in subtropical China Cover

Effects of rain-shelter cultivation on tomato in subtropical China

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

View of the tomato open-air cultivation and rain-shelter cultivation: (A) Open-air cultivation in WM, (B) open-air cultivation in YF, (C) rain-shelter cultivation in YF, (D) schematic diagram of tomato cultivation under rain shelter, (E) annual precipitation in WM and YF. WM, Wuming County; YF, Yongfu County.
View of the tomato open-air cultivation and rain-shelter cultivation: (A) Open-air cultivation in WM, (B) open-air cultivation in YF, (C) rain-shelter cultivation in YF, (D) schematic diagram of tomato cultivation under rain shelter, (E) annual precipitation in WM and YF. WM, Wuming County; YF, Yongfu County.

Figure 2.

Geographical and meteorological parameters associated with rain-shelter and open-air tomato cultivation in the southern China: (A) Highest temperature, (B) lowest temperature, (C) humidity, (D) rainfall, (E) rainfall days, (F) UV index, (G) daylight, (H) sunshine. Data are shown from March to September on YF and WM. Orange indicates WM’s parameters, while blue indicates YF’s parameters. The raw data were collected from Weather Atlas website (https://www.weather-atlas.com). UV, ultraviolet; WM, Wuming County; YF, Yongfu County.
Geographical and meteorological parameters associated with rain-shelter and open-air tomato cultivation in the southern China: (A) Highest temperature, (B) lowest temperature, (C) humidity, (D) rainfall, (E) rainfall days, (F) UV index, (G) daylight, (H) sunshine. Data are shown from March to September on YF and WM. Orange indicates WM’s parameters, while blue indicates YF’s parameters. The raw data were collected from Weather Atlas website (https://www.weather-atlas.com). UV, ultraviolet; WM, Wuming County; YF, Yongfu County.

Figure 3.

Histogram of tomato growth parameters in three groups: (A) PH, (B) SD, (C) RL, (D) RM, (E) SM, (F) RSR. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ± SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. ANOVA, analysis of variance; PH, plant height; RL, root length; RM, root mass; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio; SD, standard deviation; SD, stem diameter; SM, shoot mass.
Histogram of tomato growth parameters in three groups: (A) PH, (B) SD, (C) RL, (D) RM, (E) SM, (F) RSR. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ± SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. ANOVA, analysis of variance; PH, plant height; RL, root length; RM, root mass; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio; SD, standard deviation; SD, stem diameter; SM, shoot mass.

Figure 4.

Histogram of tomato yield and quality parameters in three groups: (A) MSW, (B) MSV, (C) AsA content, (D) TSS, (E) HMG, (F) HFR, (G) deformed productivity rate, (H) schematic diagram of normal shape (left) and deformed shape (right) of tomato in fully ripened stage. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ±SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. ANOVA, analysis of variance; AsA, ascorbic acid; DFR, deformed fruit rate; HMG, hardness in mature green; HFR, hardness in fully ripened; MSV, mean single fruit volume; MSW, mean single fruit weight; SD, standard deviation; TSS, total soluble solids.
Histogram of tomato yield and quality parameters in three groups: (A) MSW, (B) MSV, (C) AsA content, (D) TSS, (E) HMG, (F) HFR, (G) deformed productivity rate, (H) schematic diagram of normal shape (left) and deformed shape (right) of tomato in fully ripened stage. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ±SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. ANOVA, analysis of variance; AsA, ascorbic acid; DFR, deformed fruit rate; HMG, hardness in mature green; HFR, hardness in fully ripened; MSV, mean single fruit volume; MSW, mean single fruit weight; SD, standard deviation; TSS, total soluble solids.

Figure 5.

Effects of the late blight resistance on tomato cultivation: (A) The disease incidence (%) collected from April to September, (B) histogram of final yield in three groups, (C) the typical phenotype of Group 1; (D) the typical phenotype of Group 2; (E) the whole plant phenotype of Group 1 affected by late blight disease; (F) the whole plant phenotype of Group 2 affected by late blight disease. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ± SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. Scale bar: 5 cm. ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.
Effects of the late blight resistance on tomato cultivation: (A) The disease incidence (%) collected from April to September, (B) histogram of final yield in three groups, (C) the typical phenotype of Group 1; (D) the typical phenotype of Group 2; (E) the whole plant phenotype of Group 1 affected by late blight disease; (F) the whole plant phenotype of Group 2 affected by late blight disease. ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 of probability according to the ANOVA single factor test. Vertical error bars represent ± SD of the mean. The SD was calculated across three replicates for each group. Scale bar: 5 cm. ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.

Economic indices of tomato production in open-air field and rain-shelter field in YF_

Cost and return componentsYF
Open-air cultivationRain-shelter cultivation
Fruit yield (kg · 0.0667 ha−1)661.207603.53
Sale price (CNY · kg−1)22
Total value of production (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)1322.4015207.06
Variable cost of production (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)
(1) Fertilisers5300.005300.00
(2) Pesticides500.00200.00
(3) Labour for harvest and maintenance shelter0.001200.00
Total5800.006700.00
Fixed cost of production (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)
(1) Rain-shelter0.00600.00
(2) Stands0.00200.00
Total0.00800.00
Total cost of production (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)5800.007500.00
Gross return (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)–4477.608507.06
Net return (CNY · 0.0667 ha−1)–4477.607707.06
Benefit to cost ratio0.232.03
Productivity(kg · CNY−1)0.111.01

Two locations in Southern China_

GroupLocationCultivationCoordinate
1YFOpen-air24°94′41.8″N, 109°65′91.2″E
2YFRain-shelter24°91′68.2″N, 109°78′28.0″E
3WMOpen-air23°15′39.5″N, 108°26′07.9″E
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0024 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 4, 2025
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Accepted on: Sep 18, 2025
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Published on: Dec 23, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Jing Zihuan, Wu Jinqing, Chen Zhendong, Guo Yuanyuan, Gan Guiyun, Li Zongjun, Huang Tianhui, An Cuihuan, Huang Chungui, He Qingqing, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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