References
- Ahmed, M., Basheer, S., Mughram, M. H. A., Iqbal, D. N., Qamar, S., Saeed, A., Batool, R., Sanaullah, M., Raza, H., and Hussain, R. (2025). Structural development of curcumin: a natural product arsenal for diverse therapeutic targets-seizing opportunities through serendipity and rational design. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1324, 140815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.140815.
- Beenish, K., Ashfaq Ur, R., Shabbir, M., Abdul, W., and Jamshed, A. (2022). Toward the noninvasive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: molecular basis for the specificity of curcumin for fibrillar amyloid-ß. ACS Omega, 7(25), 22032–22038, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2C02995.
- Cao, W. Y., Yu, P., Wu, Q. P., Che, N., Liu, S. Y., Yin, N., and Feng, S. H. (2025). Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives as potential anti-lung cancer agents by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 61(2), 251–256, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-025-04623-4.
- Chen, M., Du, Z. Y., Zheng, X., Li, D. L., Zhou, R. P., and Zhang, K. (2018). Use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(4), 742–752, https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.230303.
- Chen, Y., Wang, J., Jing, Z., Ordovas, J. M., Wang, J., and Shen, L. (2022). Anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant effects of curcumin supplementation in exhaustive swimming mice via Nrf2/Keap1 signal pathway. Current Research in Food Science, 5, 1148–1157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.07.006.
- Ciuca, M. D., and Racovita, R. C. (2023). Curcumin: overview of extraction methods, health benefits, and encapsulation and delivery using microemulsions and nanoemulsions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(10), 8874, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108874.
- Ding, J., Mei, S., Wang, K., Wang, K. L., Cheng, W., Sun, S., Ni, Z. X., Wang, X. Q., and Yu, C. Q. (2024). Curcumin modulates oxidative stress to inhibit pyroptosis and improve the inflammatory microenvironment to treat endometriosis. Genes and Diseases, 11(3), 101053, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.022.
- Dong, Q., Zou, Q. C., Mao, L. H., Tian, D. Q., Hu, W., Cao, X. R., and Ding, H. Q. (2022). The chromosome-scale assembly of the Curcuma alismatifolia genome provides insight into anthocyanin and terpenoid biosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 899588, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.899588.
- Gal, S., Petra, K., Azra, O., Vesna, P., Željko, K., Matjaž, F., and Maša, K. M. (2023). The extraction process, separation, and identification of curcuminoids from turmeric Curcuma longa. Foods, 12(21), 4000, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12214000.
- Hao, M., Zhang, C., Wang, T., and Hu, H. (2025). Pharmacological effects, formulations, and clinical research progress of curcumin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16, 1509045, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1509045.
- Jayaprakasha, G.K., Jaganmohanrao, L., andsakariah, K. K. (2002). Improved HPLC method for the determination of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(13), 3668–3672, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025506a.
- Jiang, S. H., Tu, S. Q., Ke, L. J., Lu, L. M., and Yu, H. W. (2024). Transcriptome analysis revealed the anabolic regulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in Curcuma alismatifolia Bracts. Biochemical Genetics, 63, 4247–4260, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10528-024-10923-1.
- Katsuyama, Y., Kita, T., and Horinouchi, S. (2009). Identification and characterization of multiple curcumin synthases from the herb Curcuma longa. FEBS Letters, 583(17), 2799–2803, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.029.
- Keihanian, F., Saeidinia, A., Bagheri, R. K., Johnston, T. P., and Sahebkar, A. (2018). Curcumin, hemostasis, thrombosis, and coagulation. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 233(6), 4497–4511, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26249.
- Manasa, P.S.L., Kamble, A.D., andChilakamarthi, U. (2023). Various extraction techniques of curcumin – A comprehensive review. ACS Omega, 8(38), 3486834878, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3C04205.
- Ramirez-Ahumada Mdel, C., Timmermann, B. N., and Gang, D. R. (2006). Biosynthesis of curcuminoids and gingerols in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale): identification of curcuminoid synthase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesterases. Phytochemistry, 67(18), 2017–2029, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.028.
- Roy, A., and Banerji, A. (2025). Comparative study of curcumin, all-trans retinoic acid and resveratrol: therapeutic targeting of breast cancer signalling. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 40(4), 154–164, https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2025/V40I42230.
- Scazzocchio, B., Minghetti, L., and D’archivio, M. (2020). Interaction between gut microbiota and curcumin: a new key of understanding for the health effects of curcumin. Nutrients, 12(9), 2499, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092499.
- Shirsath, S. R., Sable, S. S., Gaikwad, S. G., Sonawane, S. H., Saini, D. R., and Gogate, P R. (2017). Intensification of extraction of curcumin from Curcuma amada using ultrasound assisted approach: effect of different operating parameters. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 38, 437–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.040.
- Sogi, D. S., Sharma, S., Oberoi, D. P., and Wani, I. A. (2010). Effect of extraction parameters on curcumin yield from turmeric. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(3), 300–304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0047-8.
- Sutarsi, P. T. J., Diano, W., Ali, A., Sugeng, W., Wahyudiono, and Siti, M. (2024). Extraction process optimization of curcumin from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. with supercritical carbon dioxide using ethanol as a cosolvent. ACS Omega, 9(1), 1251–1264, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega. 3C07497.
- Theanphong, O., and Mingvanish, W. (2017). Chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of essential oils from roots and rhizomes of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnap. from Thailand. Journal of Applied Science, 16, 105–111, https://doi.org/10.14416/j.appsci.2017.10.S16.
- Vallée, A., and Lecarpentier, Y. (2020). Curcumin and endometriosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), 2440, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072440.
- Wang, C. H., Yu, J., Cai, Y. X., Zhu, P. P., Liu, C. Y., Zhao, A. C., Lü, R. H., Li, M. J., Xu, F. X., and Yu, M. D. (2016). Characterization and functional analysis of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in mul-berry. Plos One, 11(5), e0155814, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155814.
- Wang, Z., Lei, T. K., Wang, L., Liu, J. L., Tang, Z. S., and Song, Z. X. (2017). Relationship between hot & cold characteristics and curcumin content in Curcumae longae rhizoma, Curcumae radix and Curumae rhizoma. Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(07), 1173–1176.
- Yang, C. K., Zhu, Q. W., Chen, Y. B., Ji, K., Li, S. G., Wu, Q., Pan, Q. Q., and Li, J. (2024). Review of the protective mechanism of curcumin on cardiovascular disease. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 18, 165–192, https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S445555.
- Yang, K., Chen, J., Zhang, T., Yuan, X., Ge, A., Wang, S., Xu, H., Zeng, L., and Ge, J. (2022). Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplementation in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 949746, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.949746.
- Zang, W. B., Wei, H. L., Zhang, W. W., Ma, W., Li, J., and Yao, Y. (2024). Curcumin hybrid molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: structure and pharmacological activities. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 265, 116070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116070.
- Zeng, L., Yang, T., Yang, K., Yu, G., Li, J., Xiang, W., and Chen, H. (2022). Curcumin and Curcuma longa extract in the treatment of 10 types of autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 896476, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.896476.