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The impact of plasma activated water on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth, development and content of plant bioactive compounds

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 37 (2025): Issue 1 (July 2025)
By:
Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Pots with spinach plants in greenhouse GC. GC, growing conditions.
Pots with spinach plants in greenhouse GC. GC, growing conditions.

Figure 2.

Preparation of spinach plants material for measurement of plant growth parameters.
Preparation of spinach plants material for measurement of plant growth parameters.

The spinach plant height under PAW treatment and different GC_

Plant height (cm
Sampling dateMeasurement 14 April 2024Measurement 219 April 2024Measurement 32 May 2024Measurement 416 May 2024
PAW treatmentGCGCGCGC
GFGFGFGF
PAW 07.005.678.107.3312.6712.3718.8 bB17.23 bB
PAW 1 8.177.5314.5713.1719.47 bB24.57 aA
PAW 2 7.909.9015.5715.5019.77 bB27.37 aA
FPAW n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.32)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 2.61)*(p < 0.05, F = 7.29)
FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.09)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.3)*(p < 0.05, F = 9.19)
Interaction
FPAW—FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.91)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.15)*(p < 0.05, F = 4.99)

Content of total phenols, phenolic acids, antioxidant properties, flavonoids and proline in spinach samples grown in field and greenhouse conditions_

Total phenols mg GAE · g−1 d.w.Phenolic mg CAE · g−1 d.w.Antioxidant activity μmol TE · g−1 d.w.Flavonoids mg CE · g−1 d.w.Prolines μmol proline · g−1 d.w.
PAW 0 F2.105 ± 0.1750.668 ± 0.1093.681 ± 0.9290.493 ± 0.0230.13 ± 0.025
PAW 1 F2.357 ± 0.490.731 ± 0.074.649 ± 1.4320.524 ± 0.1290.298 ± 0.083
PAW 2 F2.110 ± 0.4760.747 ± 0.1443.984 ± 0.3920.493 ± 0.110.437 ± 0.259
PAW 0 G1.379 ± 0.1650.453 ± 0.0362.228 ± 0.4580.251 ± 0.0360.229 ± 0.108
PAW 1 G1.455 ± 0.330.428 ± 0.0692.668 ± 0.6630.284 ± 0.030.458 ± 0.082
PAW 2 G1.617 ± 0.3910.503 ± 0.0783.237 ± 1.1890.313 ± 0.0740.380 ± 0.165

The plants green mass under PAW treatment and different GC_

Green mass (g)
Sampling dateMeasurement 14 April 2024Measurement 219 April 2024Measurement 32 May 2024Measurement 416 May 2024
PAW treatmentGCGCGCGC
GFGFGFGF
PAW 00.430.441.091.186.55 B9.01 B33.79 B31.05 B
PAW 1 1.310.8510.7 AB9.05 B43.08 AB49.47 AB
PAW 2 1.101.9517.31 A12.6 AB58.98 A67.87 A
FPAW n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.93)*(p < 0.05, F = 4.36)*(p < 0.05, F = 11.6)
FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.3)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.41)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.63)
Interaction
FPAW—FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.71)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.03)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.45)

Results of chemical properties of plant material grown in greenhouse and field conditions (mg · 100 g−1 plant)_

Treatmentd.m.%NP2O5PK2OKCaMgFeZnMnCu
PAW 0 G15.5034713057.05614652801222.281.500.660.152
PAW 1 G17.2442922196.47195972911313.102.020.700.133
PAW 2 G16.9440620288.09247672641154.081.640.670.124
PAW 0 F14.3730210841.5565496190943.561.390.460.089
PAW 1 F15.6831218752.36285212171163.511.460.720.125
PAW 2 F16.3328612047.17436172321113.361.830.580.109

The plants dry matter under PAW treatment and different GC (g)_

Dry matter (g)
Sampling dateMeasurement 14 April 2024Measurement 219 April 2024Measurement 32 May 2024Measurement 416 May 2024
PAW treatmentGCGCGCGC
GFGFGFGF
PAW 00.120.120.100.130.891.035.91 B4.97 B
PAW 1 0.140.081.320.896.1 AB8.08 AB
PAW 2 0.100.241.991.677.79 AB9.28 A
FPAW n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.99)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 3.2)*(p < 0.05, F = 4.16)
FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.96)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.47)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.92)
Interaction
FPAW—FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 2.05)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.34)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.06)

Number of spinach leaves under PAW treatment and different GC_

Number of leaves
Sampling dateMeasurement 14 April 2024Measurement 219 April 2024Measurement 32 May 2024Measurement 416 May 2024
PAW treatmentGCGCGCGC
GFGFGFGF
PAW 06.005.337.006.6710.339.3316.3317.00
PAW 1 6.676.3311.6711.3316.0016.00
PAW 2 7.008.6712.3312.3318.3316.00
FPAW n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 2.74)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 3.24)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.42)
FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.47)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.3)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.28)
Interaction
FPAW—FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.89)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.13)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.75)

The measurement of spinach plant diameter under PAW treatment and different GC_

Plant diameter (cm)
Sampling dateMeasurement 14 April 2024Measurement 219 April 2024Measurement 32 May 2024Measurement 416 May 2024
PAW treatmentGCGCGCGC
GFGFGFGF
PAW 04.504.5010.0 a5.93 b11.8311.4021.03 AB17.5 7B
PAW 1 9.7 a9.93 a14.0012.3020.87 AB20.8 AB
PAW 2 10.8 a9.0 a14.3313.3325.3 A23.97 A
FPAW n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.59)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.89)*(p < 0.05, F = 3.66)
FGC *(p < 0.05, F = 3.51)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.57)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.96)
Interaction
FPAW—FGC n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 1.54)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.07)n.s. (p < 0.05, F = 0.36)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
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Language: English
Page range: 79 - 90
Submitted on: Mar 28, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 29, 2025
Published on: Aug 6, 2025
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
bioactive compounds,
growing conditions,
morphological properties,
plasma activated water,
spinach
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Zoology,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2025 Mihaela Blažinkov, Nataša Romanjek Fajdetić, Krunoslav Mirosavljević, Robert Benković, Ljiljana Božić-Ostojić, Dinko Zima, Slavica Antunović, Iva Knezović, Teuta Benković-Lačić, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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