Effect of low frequency magnetic field (LFMF) on germination and vigour of accelerated aged radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds

Figures & Tables

Effect of LFMF on seed germination (%) of the artificially aged (CK) radish seed cultivar Carmen (C)_

LFMF treatment	Germination energy (%)	Germination capacity (%)	Abnormal seedling (%)	Fresh seed (%)	Dead seed (%)
CK	34.0 a*	71.5 bc	24.0 a	2.5 ab	2.0 abc
10 μT 30 min	38.0 a	75.0 abc	24.0 a	0.5 b	0.5 c
10 μT 60 min	36.0 a	74.0 abc	24.0 a	1.5 ab	0.5 c
10 μT 90 min	40.5 a	75.0 abc	24.5 a	0.0 b	0.5 c
10 μT 120 min	41.5 a	78.0 ab	22.0 ab	0.0 b	0.0 c
20 μT 30 min	35.0 a	74.5 abc	21.0 abc	1.0 b	3.5 ab
20 μT 60 min	41.5 a	76.0 abc	21.0 abc	2.5 ab	0.5 c
20 μT 90 min	40.0 a	79.0 a	17.5 bc	2.5 ab	1.0 c
20 μT 120 min	39.5 a	79.0 a	16.0 c	3.5 a	1.5 bc
30 μT 30 min	39.0 a	77.5 ab	21.5 abc	1.0 b	0.0 c
30 μT 60 min	35.0 a	77.0 ab	23.0 ab	0.0 b	0.0 c
30 μT 90 min	33.0 a	72.5 abc	26.5 a	0.5 b	0.5 c
30 μT 120 min	36.0 a	70.5 c	23.5 a	2.0 ab	4.0 a

LFMF treatment	T₁₀	T₂₅	T₅₀	T₇₅	T₉₀	U_75-25	U_90-10	MGT
CK	1.78 ab*	2.07 a–d	2.47 abc	3.02 abc	3.80 ab	0.95 abc	2.01 ab	2.69 ab
10 μT 30 min	1.84 ab	2.13 abc	2.51 abc	3.00 abc	3.62 b	0.87 abc	1.79 bc	2.66 ab
10 μT 60 min	1.74 abc	2.03 bcd	2.40 bcd	2.86 bc	3.40 b	0.83 abc	1.66 bc	2.52 b
10 μT 90 min	1.80 abc	2.05 bcd	2.39 bcd	2.81 cd	3.34 b	0.76 cd	1.55 bc	2.52 b
10 μT 120 min	1.81 ab	2.03 bcd	2.35 cd	2.82 cd	3.58 b	0.78 bcd	1.77 bc	2.59 b
20 μT 30 min	1.73 abc	2.00 d	2.38 bcd	2.87 bc	3.53 b	0.86 abc	1.80 abc	2.55 b
20 μT 60 min	1.73 abc	1.98 d	2.33 cd	2.78 cd	3.41 b	0.80 abc	1.69 bc	2.50 b
20 μT 90 min	1.80 abc	2.05 bcd	2.38 bcd	2.84 bc	3.52 b	0.80 abc	1.71 bc	2.58 b
20 μT 120 min	1.85 ab	2.01 cd	2.24 d	2.61 d	3.35 b	0.60 d	1.50 c	2.50 b
30 μT 30 min	1.64 c	1.97 d	2.40 bcd	2.94 abc	3.61 b	0.98 a	1.97 abc	2.55 b
30 μT 60 min	1.85 a	2.19 a	2.60 a	3.05 ab	3.50 b	0.86 abc	1.65 bc	2.65 ab
30 μT 90 min	1.84 ab	2.13 ab	2.54 ab	3.14 a	4.09 a	1.01 a	2.24 a	2.83 a
30 μT 120 min	1.68 bc	1.99 cd	2.41 bcd	2.96 abc	3.69 ab	0.97 ab	2.01 ab	2.60 b

LFMF treatment	T10	T25	T50	T75	T90	U75-25	U90-10	MGT
CK	1.88 ab*	2.22 ab	2.71 ab	3.39 ab	4.38 abc	1.16 a–d	2.50 ab	2.99 ab
10 μT 30 min	1.87 a	2.22 ab	2.73 ab	3.50 a	4.77 a	1.28 a	2.90 a	3.12 a
10 μT 60 min	1.88 a	2.28 a	2.82 a	3.53 a	4.44 abc	1.25 abc	2.56 ab	3.05 ab
10 μT 90 min	1.83 ab	2.23 ab	2.77 ab	3.47 a	4.38 ab	1.25 ab	2.55 ab	2.99 ab
10 μT 120 min	1.84 ab	2.20 ab	2.68 ab	3.28 a–d	4.05 b–e	1.08 a–e	2.20 bcd	2.86 a–e
20 μT 30 min	1.90 a	2.13 bc	2.45 cd	2.88 e	3.52 e	0.75 f	1.62 d	2.64 de
20 μT 60 min	1.91 a	2.19 ab	2.55 bcd	3.03 cde	3.67 de	0.85 ef	1.76 cd	2.72 cde
20 μT 90 min	1.87 ab	2.20 ab	2.65 abc	3.31 a–d	4.28 a–d	1.11 a–e	2.41 abc	2.94 abc
20 μT 120 min	1.74 b	2.03 c	2.42 d	2.94 de	3.64 cde	0.91 def	1.90 bcd	2.61 e
30 μT 30 min	1.85 ab	2.21 ab	2.70 ab	3.34 abc	4.15 b–e	1.13 a–d	2.30 bcd	2.90 a–d
30 μT 60 min	1.87 ab	2.18 ab	2.60 a–d	3.18 a–e	3.99 b–e	1.00 a–e	2.12 bcd	2.83 b–e
30 μT 90 min	1.90 ab	2.20 ab	2.61 a–d	3.15 b–e	3.90 b–e	0.95 c–f	2.00 bcd	2.81 b–e
30 μT 120 min	1.85 ab	2.16 ab	2.57 bcd	3.14 b–e	3.96 b–e	0.99 b–f	2.11 bcd	2.81 b–e

LFMF treatment	Germination energy (%)	Germination capacity (%)	Abnormal seedling (%)	Fresh seed (%)	Dead seed (%)
CK	22.0 de*	71.5 a	21.5 a	4.0 a	3.0 a
10 μT 30 min	21.0 e	70.5 a	20.5 a	5.0 a	4.0 a
10 μT 60 min	22.0 de	74.0 a	18.5 a	5.5 a	2.0 a
10 μT 90 min	23.5 cde	74.0 a	16.5 a	8.0 a	1.5 a
10 μT 120 min	27.0 b–e	73.5 a	19.0 a	5.0 a	2.5 a
20 μT 30 min	27.5 b–e	72.5 a	18.5 a	6.5 a	2.5 a
20 μT 60 min	31.0 ab	77.5 a	16.0 a	3.0 a	3.5 a
20 μT 90 min	35.0 a	75.5 a	16.5 a	4.5 a	3.5 a
20 μT 120 min	30.5 abc	72.5 a	21.5 a	4.5 a	1.5 a
30 μT 30 min	24.0 b–e	75.5 a	16.5 a	6.0 a	2.0 a
30 μT 60 min	23.0 de	72.5 a	17.5 a	7.5 a	2.5 a
30 μT 90 min	29.0 a–d	75.0 a	19.5 a	4.5 a	1.0 a
30 μT 120 min	28.0 b–e	75.0 a	13.5 a	7.0 a	4.5 a