Figure 1.
The radish seeds in Petri dishes in the Viofor JPS Delux machine used in the experiment to generate LFMF.
Table 1.
Effect of LFMF on seed germination (%) of the artificially aged (CK) radish seed cultivar Carmen (C).
| LFMF treatment | Germination energy (%) | Germination capacity (%) | Abnormal seedling (%) | Fresh seed (%) | Dead seed (%) | Hard seed (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 34.0 a* | 71.5 bc | 24.0 a | 2.5 ab | 2.0 abc | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 30 min | 38.0 a | 75.0 abc | 24.0 a | 0.5 b | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 60 min | 36.0 a | 74.0 abc | 24.0 a | 1.5 ab | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 90 min | 40.5 a | 75.0 abc | 24.5 a | 0.0 b | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 120 min | 41.5 a | 78.0 ab | 22.0 ab | 0.0 b | 0.0 c | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 30 min | 35.0 a | 74.5 abc | 21.0 abc | 1.0 b | 3.5 ab | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 60 min | 41.5 a | 76.0 abc | 21.0 abc | 2.5 ab | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 90 min | 40.0 a | 79.0 a | 17.5 bc | 2.5 ab | 1.0 c | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 120 min | 39.5 a | 79.0 a | 16.0 c | 3.5 a | 1.5 bc | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 30 min | 39.0 a | 77.5 ab | 21.5 abc | 1.0 b | 0.0 c | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 60 min | 35.0 a | 77.0 ab | 23.0 ab | 0.0 b | 0.0 c | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 90 min | 33.0 a | 72.5 abc | 26.5 a | 0.5 b | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 120 min | 36.0 a | 70.5 c | 23.5 a | 2.0 ab | 4.0 a | 0.0 |
Table 2.
Effect of LFMF on seed germination (%) of the artificially aged (CK) radish seed cultivar Szkarłatna z Białym Końcem (‘SBK’).
| LFMF treatment | Germination energy (%) | Germination capacity (%) | Abnormal seedling (%) | Fresh seed (%) | Dead seed (%) | Hard seed (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 22.0 de* | 71.5 a | 21.5 a | 4.0 a | 3.0 a | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 30 min | 21.0 e | 70.5 a | 20.5 a | 5.0 a | 4.0 a | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 60 min | 22.0 de | 74.0 a | 18.5 a | 5.5 a | 2.0 a | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 90 min | 23.5 cde | 74.0 a | 16.5 a | 8.0 a | 1.5 a | 0.0 |
| 10 μT 120 min | 27.0 b–e | 73.5 a | 19.0 a | 5.0 a | 2.5 a | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 30 min | 27.5 b–e | 72.5 a | 18.5 a | 6.5 a | 2.5 a | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 60 min | 31.0 ab | 77.5 a | 16.0 a | 3.0 a | 3.5 a | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 90 min | 35.0 a | 75.5 a | 16.5 a | 4.5 a | 3.5 a | 0.0 |
| 20 μT 120 min | 30.5 abc | 72.5 a | 21.5 a | 4.5 a | 1.5 a | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 30 min | 24.0 b–e | 75.5 a | 16.5 a | 6.0 a | 2.0 a | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 60 min | 23.0 de | 72.5 a | 17.5 a | 7.5 a | 2.5 a | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 90 min | 29.0 a–d | 75.0 a | 19.5 a | 4.5 a | 1.0 a | 0.0 |
| 30 μT 120 min | 28.0 b–e | 75.0 a | 13.5 a | 7.0 a | 4.5 a | 0.0 |
Table 3.
Effect of LFMF on seed vigour expressed as germination speed (days) and MGT (days) of the artificially aged (CK) radish seed cultivar Carmen (‘C’).
| LFMF treatment | T10 | T25 | T50 | T75 | T90 | U75-25 | U90-10 | MGT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 1.78 ab* | 2.07 a–d | 2.47 abc | 3.02 abc | 3.80 ab | 0.95 abc | 2.01 ab | 2.69 ab |
| 10 μT 30 min | 1.84 ab | 2.13 abc | 2.51 abc | 3.00 abc | 3.62 b | 0.87 abc | 1.79 bc | 2.66 ab |
| 10 μT 60 min | 1.74 abc | 2.03 bcd | 2.40 bcd | 2.86 bc | 3.40 b | 0.83 abc | 1.66 bc | 2.52 b |
| 10 μT 90 min | 1.80 abc | 2.05 bcd | 2.39 bcd | 2.81 cd | 3.34 b | 0.76 cd | 1.55 bc | 2.52 b |
| 10 μT 120 min | 1.81 ab | 2.03 bcd | 2.35 cd | 2.82 cd | 3.58 b | 0.78 bcd | 1.77 bc | 2.59 b |
| 20 μT 30 min | 1.73 abc | 2.00 d | 2.38 bcd | 2.87 bc | 3.53 b | 0.86 abc | 1.80 abc | 2.55 b |
| 20 μT 60 min | 1.73 abc | 1.98 d | 2.33 cd | 2.78 cd | 3.41 b | 0.80 abc | 1.69 bc | 2.50 b |
| 20 μT 90 min | 1.80 abc | 2.05 bcd | 2.38 bcd | 2.84 bc | 3.52 b | 0.80 abc | 1.71 bc | 2.58 b |
| 20 μT 120 min | 1.85 ab | 2.01 cd | 2.24 d | 2.61 d | 3.35 b | 0.60 d | 1.50 c | 2.50 b |
| 30 μT 30 min | 1.64 c | 1.97 d | 2.40 bcd | 2.94 abc | 3.61 b | 0.98 a | 1.97 abc | 2.55 b |
| 30 μT 60 min | 1.85 a | 2.19 a | 2.60 a | 3.05 ab | 3.50 b | 0.86 abc | 1.65 bc | 2.65 ab |
| 30 μT 90 min | 1.84 ab | 2.13 ab | 2.54 ab | 3.14 a | 4.09 a | 1.01 a | 2.24 a | 2.83 a |
| 30 μT 120 min | 1.68 bc | 1.99 cd | 2.41 bcd | 2.96 abc | 3.69 ab | 0.97 ab | 2.01 ab | 2.60 b |
1* Means for a given trait followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to Duncan’s test α = 0.05.
1 LFMF, low frequency magnetic field; MGT, mean germination time; T10, time taken for 10% seeds to germinate; T25, time taken for 25% seeds to germinate; T50, time taken for 50% seeds to germinate; T75, time taken for 75% seeds to germinate; T90, time taken for 90% seeds to germinate; U75-25, time taken from 25% germinated seeds to 75% germinated seeds; U90-10, time taken from 10% germinated seeds to 90% germinated seeds.
Table 4.
Effect of LFMF on seed vigour expressed as germination speed (days) and MGT (days) of the artificially aged (CK) radish seed cultivar Szkarłatna z Białym Końcem (‘SBK’).
| LFMF treatment | T10 | T25 | T50 | T75 | T90 | U75-25 | U90-10 | MGT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 1.88 ab* | 2.22 ab | 2.71 ab | 3.39 ab | 4.38 abc | 1.16 a–d | 2.50 ab | 2.99 ab |
| 10 μT 30 min | 1.87 a | 2.22 ab | 2.73 ab | 3.50 a | 4.77 a | 1.28 a | 2.90 a | 3.12 a |
| 10 μT 60 min | 1.88 a | 2.28 a | 2.82 a | 3.53 a | 4.44 abc | 1.25 abc | 2.56 ab | 3.05 ab |
| 10 μT 90 min | 1.83 ab | 2.23 ab | 2.77 ab | 3.47 a | 4.38 ab | 1.25 ab | 2.55 ab | 2.99 ab |
| 10 μT 120 min | 1.84 ab | 2.20 ab | 2.68 ab | 3.28 a–d | 4.05 b–e | 1.08 a–e | 2.20 bcd | 2.86 a–e |
| 20 μT 30 min | 1.90 a | 2.13 bc | 2.45 cd | 2.88 e | 3.52 e | 0.75 f | 1.62 d | 2.64 de |
| 20 μT 60 min | 1.91 a | 2.19 ab | 2.55 bcd | 3.03 cde | 3.67 de | 0.85 ef | 1.76 cd | 2.72 cde |
| 20 μT 90 min | 1.87 ab | 2.20 ab | 2.65 abc | 3.31 a–d | 4.28 a–d | 1.11 a–e | 2.41 abc | 2.94 abc |
| 20 μT 120 min | 1.74 b | 2.03 c | 2.42 d | 2.94 de | 3.64 cde | 0.91 def | 1.90 bcd | 2.61 e |
| 30 μT 30 min | 1.85 ab | 2.21 ab | 2.70 ab | 3.34 abc | 4.15 b–e | 1.13 a–d | 2.30 bcd | 2.90 a–d |
| 30 μT 60 min | 1.87 ab | 2.18 ab | 2.60 a–d | 3.18 a–e | 3.99 b–e | 1.00 a–e | 2.12 bcd | 2.83 b–e |
| 30 μT 90 min | 1.90 ab | 2.20 ab | 2.61 a–d | 3.15 b–e | 3.90 b–e | 0.95 c–f | 2.00 bcd | 2.81 b–e |
| 30 μT 120 min | 1.85 ab | 2.16 ab | 2.57 bcd | 3.14 b–e | 3.96 b–e | 0.99 b–f | 2.11 bcd | 2.81 b–e |
1* Means for a given trait followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to the Duncan’s test α = 0.05.
1 LFMF, low frequency magnetic field; MGT, mean germination time; T10, time taken for 10% seeds to germinate; T25, time taken for 25% seeds to germinate; T50, time taken for 50% seeds to germinate; T75, time taken for 75% seeds to germinate; T90, time taken for 90% seeds to germinate; U75-25, time taken from 25% germinated seeds to 75% germinated seeds; U90-10, time taken from 10% germinated seeds to 90% germinated seeds.
Figure 2.
Effect of the AA and LFMF treatments of radish cultivar C seeds on their photon emission during germination at 20°C in dark. AA, accelerated aging; LFMF, low frequency magnetic field.