Improvement of the quality in hydroponically grown fresh aromatic herbs by inducing mild salinity stress is species-specific

Aktsoglou, Danai-Christina; Kasampalis, Dimitrios S.; Sarrou, Eirini; Tsouvaltzis, Pavlos; Chatzopoulou, Paschalina; Martens, Stefan; Siomos, Anastasios S.

doi:10.2478/fhort-2021-0020

Figures & Tables

EC (A) and pH (B) of the NSs supplemented with 0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1 NaCl during peppermint and spearmint cultivation in floating system. Each value is a mean of three replicates and each replicate consists of one basin. EC, electrical conductivity; NSs, nutrient solutions.

Plant growth and the compositional characteristics of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

	Peppermint				Spearmint

	NaCl concentration			p	NaCl concentration			p

	0 mmol · L⁻¹	10 mmol · L⁻¹	20 mmol · L⁻¹		0 mmol · L⁻¹	10 mmol · L⁻¹	20 mmol · L⁻¹
Fresh weight (g)	10.2^x	9.35	8.05	ns^y	8.05	7.42	6.82	ns
Plant height (cm)	22.83 a^z	21.13 a	18.61 b	^**	24.06 a	23.32 a	21.23 b	^*
Root length (cm)	12.97	14.41	12.81	ns	11.48 a	11.26 a	9.55 b	^*
Dry matter (%)	14.2	13.9	15.1	ns	17.2	17.8	19.8	ns
Total soluble solids (%)	9.5	8.8	9.7	ns	9.5	9.7	10.2	ns
Nitrates (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.)	828.5	855.7	766.6	ns	797.3 a	721.4 a	548.9 b	^*
Total antixidant capacity (mg AEAC · 100 g⁻¹ f.w.)	110.3	93.8	160.7	ns	65.0 b	78.6 b	115.7 a	^**
Total soluble phenols (mg GAE · kg⁻¹ f.w.)	0.467	0.417	0.663	ns	0.367 b	0.447 b	0.577 a	^**
Total chlorophyll (μg · g⁻¹ f.w.)	1138.4	1130.0	1133.9	ns	1173.4	1241.6	1287.7	ns
Total carotenoids (μg · g⁻¹ f.w.)	200.4	196.5	201.9	ns	204.7 b	218.4 b	234.8 a	^**
Essential oil (ml · 100 g⁻¹ f.w.)	0.34	0.35	0.37	ns	0.19 b	0.21 a	0.22 a	^*

Polyphenolic composition of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

No.	compounds (mg · 100 g⁻¹ d.w.)	Peppermint				Spearmint

		NaCl concentration			p	NaCl concentration			p

		0 mmol · L⁻¹	10 mmol· L⁻¹	20 mmol· L⁻¹		0 mmol· L⁻¹	10 mmol · L⁻¹	20 mmol· L⁻¹
1	Vanillic acid	0.34^a	0.34	0.27	ns^b	0.84	0.78	0.71	ns
2	2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid	0.68	0.39	0.51	ns	0.77	0.61	0.77	ns
3	Syringaldehyde	0.03	0.02	0.05	ns	0.06	0.03	0.04	ns
4	Daphetin	0.13	0.14	0.12	ns	0.13	0.15	0.13	ns
5	Caffeic acid	11.79	9.88	12.45	ns	13.23	14.18	16.72	ns
6	Ferulic acid	0.23	0.32	0.24	ns	0.29	0.26	0.24	ns
7	Caftaric acid	19.35	17.40	23.29	ns	13.73	18.10	15.76	ns
8	Neochlorogenic acid	5.24	4.72	5.45	ns	3.06	3.64	3.62	ns
9	Chlorogenic acid	4.62	4.89	5.97	ns	4.47	6.18	5.43	ns
10	Rosmarinic acid	287.81	257.40	373.28	ns	417.62	489.75	491.95	ns
11	Sinapyl alcohol	0.68	0.59	0.64	ns	0.56	0.37	0.58	ns
12	Fertaric acid	1.80	1.72	1.85	ns	2.60	3.34	2.74	ns
13	t-coutaric	0.76	1.17	1.29	ns	1.14	1.41	1.20	ns
14	Apigenin	1.57	1.86	1.83	ns	0.55	0.62	0.95	ns
15	Luteolin	7.50	7.14	8.38	ns	1.85	2.30	2.62	ns
16	Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	0.88	0.98	1.02	ns	1.18	1.57	1.54	ns
17	Hesperidin	128.98	124.94	149.51	ns	88.72	78.69	88.95	ns
18	Apigenin-7-glucoside	0.21	0.28	0.31	ns	0.43	0.65	0.64	ns
19	Naringenin	1.90	2.05	2.76	ns	1.08	1.27	1.18	ns
20	Kaempferol-3-glucoside	0.02	0.01	0.01	ns	0.02	0.05	0.03	ns
21	Arbutin	0.07	0.08	0.08	ns	0.13	0.11	0.08	ns
22	Syringic acid	0.76	0.68	0.61	ns	0.47	0.62	0.38	ns
23	Cryptochlorogenic acid	16.22	16.78	20.73	ns	15.40	21.39	19.05	ns
24	Quercetin-3-glucoside	0.23	0.15	0.26	ns	0.34	0.32	0.35	ns
25	Quercetin-4-O-glucoside	40.03	38.67	47.29	ns	26.43	22.22	26.76	ns
26	Rutin	1.09	1.26	1.52	ns	2.47	1.82	1.73	ns

The composition of the NS used in the floating tray system for peppermint and spearmint cultivation_

Macronutrients (mg · L⁻¹)		Micronutrients (μg · L⁻¹)
N-NO₃⁻	210	Fe	1150
N-NH₄⁺	14	Mn	399
K	391	Zn	150
P	62	Cu	150
Mg	49	B	500
Ca	385	Mo	48
S	232

Essential oil composition of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

No.	compounds	Peppermint					Spearmint

		NaCl concentration				p	NaCl concentration			p

		RI^a	0 mmol · L⁻¹	10 mmol · L⁻¹	20 mmol · L⁻¹		0 mmol· L⁻¹	10 mmol· L⁻¹	20 mmol· L⁻¹
1	α-thujene	929	0.03^b	0.03	0.03	ns^c	0.02	0.02	0.02	ns
2	α-pinene	935	0.60	0.61	0.61	ns	1.23	1.23	1.26	ns
3	camphene	950	-	-	-		0.02	0.01	0.02	ns
4	sabinene	974	0.42	0.43	0.43	ns	1.66	1.71	1.71	ns
5	β-pinene	977	0.90	0.90	0.91	ns	2.52	2.53	2.60	ns
6	1-octen-3-ol	982	0.02	0.01	0.01	ns	-	-	-
7	myrcene	992	0.25	0.25	0.24	ns	4.65	4.46	4.47	ns
8	3-octanol	996	0.07	0.07	0.05	ns	0.72 b^d	0.79 a	0.81 a	^*
9	pseudolimonene	1004	-	-	-		0.11	0.10	0.11	ns
10	α-terpinene	1016	0.26	0.22	0.24	ns	0.04	0.01	0.03	ns
11	o-cymene	1025	0.03	0.05	0.03	ns	-	-	-
12	limonene	1029	2.22	2.30	2.32	ns	17.57	17.99	17.97	ns
13	1,8-cineol	1032	4.14	4.11	4.29	ns	16.44	16.34	16.86	ns
14	cis-β-ocimene	1040	0.14	0.14	0.13	ns	0.61	0.59	0.62	ns
15	trans-β-ocimene	1051	-	-	-		0.12	0.13	0.14	ns
16	γ-terpinene	1060	0.46	0.39	0.44	ns	0.07	0.05	0.06	ns
17	cis-sabinene hydrate	1068	0.37	0.44	0.42	ns	0.01	0.03	0.02	ns
18	terpinolene	1087	0.12	0.11	0.11	ns	0.09	0.08	0.08	ns

Monoterpene hydrocarbons (%)			10.00	10.06	10.27		45.88	46.07	46.77

19	linalool	1100	0.10	0.10	0.09	ns	0.11	0.12	0.10	ns
20	trans-pinocarveol	1139	-	-	-		0.15	0.18	0.16	ns
21	menthone	1158	55.44	55.98	54.51	ns	-	-	-
22	menthofuran	1164	6.49	5.64	6.15	ns	-	-	-
23	isomenthone	1166	6.25	6.79	6.61	ns	-	-	-
24	neomenthol	1167	0.12	0.12	0.12	ns	-	-	-
25	δ-terpineol	1167	-	-	-		0.45	0.47	0.47	ns
26	menthol	1176	15.16	15.24	15.30	ns	-	-	-
27	terpinen-4-ol	1177	1.27	1.15	1.21	ns	0.13	0.11	0.14	ns
28	neoisomenthol	1182	0.07	0.07	0.07	ns	-	-	-
29	α-terpineol	1189	0.14	0.13	0.13	ns	0.91	0.94	0.92	ns
30	dihydrocarveol	1193	-	-	-		0.11	0.09	0.08	ns
31	trans-dihydrocarvone	1194	-	-	-		0.12	0.13	0.12	ns
32	trans-carveol	1219	-	-	-		1.08	0.99	0.95	ns
33	pulegone	1238	1.76	1.68	1.73	ns	-	-	-
34	carvone	1247	-	-	-		40.64	40.54	39.49	ns
35	piperitone	1253	0.49	0.50	0.50	ns	-	-	-
36	dihydroedulan II	1284	-	-	-		0.13	0.14	0.18	ns
37	menthyl acetate	1294	0.42	0.58	0.65	ns	-	-	-

Oxygenated monoterpenes (%)			87.71	87.97	87.08		43.83	43.71	42.61

38	α-copaene	1376	-	-	-		0.02	0.03	0.03	ns
39	β-bourbonene	1383	-	-	-		0.49	0.54	0.58	ns
40	β-elemene	1391	-	-	-		0.18	0.18	0.19	ns
41	β-caryophyllene	1415	0.60	0.54	0.74	ns	3.82	2.69	3.89	ns
42	α-humulene	1451	-	-	-		0.17	0.17	0.18	ns
43	cis-β-farnesene	1461	0.11	0.10	0.13	ns	0.11	0.11	0.11	ns
44	germacrene-D	1479	1.01	0.84	1.17	ns	4.35	4.03	4.22	ns
45	bicyclogermacrene	1492	0.09	0.07	0.10	ns	0.37	0.35	0.38	ns
46	δ-cadinene	1525	-	-	-		0.09	0.09	0.10	ns

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (%)			1.82	1.54	2.14		9.61	8.20	9.67

47	caryophyllene oxide	1584	-	-	-		0.04	0.02	0.04	ns
48	viridiflorol	1591	0.26	0.25	0.26	ns	-	-	-

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (%)			0.26	0.25	0.26		0.04	0.02	0.04

49	13-epi-manool oxide	2012	-	-	-		0.12	0.17	0.18	ns

Oxygenated diterpenes (%)			0.00	0.00	0.00		0.12	0.17	0.18

Total (%)			99.79	99.82	99.75		99.48	98.18	99.27

Improvement of the quality in hydroponically grown fresh aromatic herbs by inducing mild salinity stress is species-specific

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Plant growth and the compositional characteristics of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

Polyphenolic composition of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

The composition of the NS used in the floating tray system for peppermint and spearmint cultivation_

Essential oil composition of peppermint and spearmint plants grown in floating system under three NaCl concentrations (0 mmol · L−1, 10 mmol · L−1 or 20 mmol · L−1)_

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