Energy Efficiency Policies in China and the United States: Institutional Frameworks, Territorial Dynamics, and Social Adoption: Lessons for Maghreb Countries with Focus on Algeria

Background

International climate commitments require accelerated energy efficiency policies, particularly in developing countries where institutional and economic challenges limit the effectiveness of national programs.

Objective

This study comparatively analyzes Chinese and American energy efficiency policies to identify institutional mechanisms transferable to Maghreb countries, with focus on Algeria.

Methods

A comparative institutionalist approach was adopted, combining policy document analysis and quantitative assessment of energy performance over 2015-2023. The analytical framework examines institutional arrangements, policy instruments, and social adoption processes.

Results

China achieved a 4.1% annual energy intensity reduction through a centralized model characterized by binding targets, hierarchical coordination via the NDRC, and targeted industrial programs (Top-1000/10000). The United States achieved 2.1% annual improvement through a decentralized federal system mobilizing market mechanisms and state innovation, generating 26 billion kWh savings via DSM programs. The analysis reveals four critical cross-cutting factors: political objective alignment, multi-level institutional coordination, adequate resource allocation, and stakeholder engagement.

For Maghreb countries, a hybrid approach combining Chinese centralized coordination with American economic incentives optimizes success prospects. Contextual institutional adaptation proves more effective than replication of international models, requiring prior development of administrative and technical capacities in transition economies.