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        <title>Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne Feed</title>
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            <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/ERS</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flood Forecasting Using Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Prisma – Guided Systematic Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThe purpose of the study is to examine the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to forecast floods.Materials and methodsThis study systematically reviews 42 papers published between 1989 and 2025. The dataset was extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases using predefined keywords and inclusion-exclusion criteria. Following the PRISMA-2020 framework, the analysis investigates AI techniques, statistical methods, and commonly used keywords in flood forecasting.ResultsThe s tudy r eveals t hat m achine l earning ( ML) a nd d eep l earning ( DL) a re w idely applied AI techniques, with the root mean square error (RMSE) that has been employed for flood forecasting. The keywords, such as “artificial intelligence,” “prediction,” “flood forecasting,” and “floods,” are frequently used in this domain.ConclusionThe s tudy concludes t hat advanced A I techniques enhance forecasting accuracy, improve early warning systems, and promote the development of evidence-based disaster reduction strategies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Probability of Demographic and Economic Factors on Tobacco Cigarette Consumptions in Indonesia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and Purpose of the WorkTobacco consumption in Indonesia is a significant public health challenge, with economic and demographic factors playing a crucial role in shaping individual smoking behaviour. This study seeks to identify determinants that influence smoking status at the individual level. Cigarette consumption (both factory-made and hand-rolled) is defined as a binary dependent variable.Materials and MethodsUsing 2020 SUSENAS data (n=776,576), binary logistic regression examined factors like age, gender, marital status, education, income, health insurance, and assets. The analysis incorporates pseudo R-square, simultaneous, and partial tests to assess model fit and variable significance.ResultsThe findings indicate that age, gender, marital status, education level, health insurance ownership, and asset ownership significantly influence the probability of tobacco cigarette consumption. Notably, health insurance ownership and asset ownership serve as protective factors, reducing the likelihood of smoking. Contrary to conventional economic theory, household income does not show a significant impact on smoking behavior in the Indonesian context.ConclusionThis study concludes that demographic factors and economic security indicators – particularly health insurance and asset ownership – play a critical role in shaping tobacco consumption decisions in Indonesia. The non-significance of income highlights the unique socio-cultural and addictive nature of smoking in Indonesia, which may limit the effectiveness of income-based policy measures. The results underscore the need for integrated public health strategies that combine education, health insurance expansion, asset-building initiatives, and targeted excise policies to reduce smoking prevalence effectively.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Geoeconomic Fragmentation and ASEAN-Centred Regional Integration: Strategic Rivalry, National Divergence and the Limits of RCEP]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis study examines how the strategic competition between the United States and China contributes to geoeconomic fragmentation in Southeast Asia. It also generates divergence in ASEAN member states external economic alignments, with effects on ASEAN-centered regional integration frameworks such as the RCEP.Materials and methodsUsing a qualitative process-tracing approach, the study analyzes the Philippines as a critical case, focusing on its withdrawal from Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) associated infrastructure financing, and its delayed trajectory toward accession to the CPTPP.ResultsT he f indings i ndicate t hat w hile R CEP r emains i nstitutionally i ntact, g eoeconomic fragmentation increases coordination costs and hinders ASEAN's ability to maintain a coherent external economic posture, thereby limiting the depth and effectiveness of ASEAN-centered regionalism under conditions of rivalry.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that ASEAN-centered integration can remain institutionally intact while becoming increasingly constrained in depth and coherence, thereby reframing resilience not as institutional durability alone but as the sustained alignment of member-state strategies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Economic Expansion, Energy Choices and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Panel Study of South Asia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis research explores how renewable energy consumption (LREC), economic growth (LGDP), industrialization (LIND), foreign direct investment (LFDI), and population growth (LPOP) influence carbon dioxide emissions (LCO2) in South Asia.Materials and methodsThis study utilizes World Bank data spanning 1990 to 2020 and employs cross-sectional dependence tests, slope homogeneity tests, panel stationarity tests, cointegration tests, the CS-ARDL model, and causality analysis.ResultsThe empirical results show that LFDI and LIND significantly increased emissions, while LGDP and LPOP had no significant impact on carbon emissions. Conversely, LREC effectively reduces emissions in both the immediate and extended periods. The causality test findings indicate that LGDP and LCO₂, LREC and LCO₂, and IND and LCO₂ influence each other in a reciprocal manner.ConclusionsFindings bring to light the necessity of transitioning from polluting power sources toward cleaner renewable energy, redirect foreign investment toward green sectors, and promote cleaner industrial production.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysing the FDI Disparity in India: A Comparative Study of Kerala with the Top Three FDI Receiving States (Maharashtra, Karnataka, &amp; Gujarat)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workForeign Direct Investment (FDI) is crucial for a nation’s development and is a critical driver of technological advancement, employment generation, human capital development, and increased competitiveness. This study investigates the FDI inequalities in India by comparing Kerala with the top three FDI-receiving states.Materials and methodsA data-specific FDI Attractiveness Index has been developed to evaluate and compare the investment potential of these states.ResultsThe findings confirm that the significant regional concentration of FDI inflows in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat is driven by superior infrastructure, the extent of industrial activity, and labour conditions. In contrast, Kerala faces limited industrial activity and infrastructural deficits.ConclusionsThe study also provides targeted policy measures that leverage Kerala’s unique strengths to promote equitable regional development.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Pandemic to Energy Crisis: Poverty Dynamics in European Nuts2 Regions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis article analyses trends in the risk of poverty rate in NUTS2 regions across 24 European countries over 2019-2024, investigating the relative influence of national conditions versus regional factors. It further explores whether a convergence process in poverty levels has occurred despite multiple crises during this period. Notably, Europe experienced substantial socio-economic shocks, including COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which contributed to heightened inflation and an energy crisis.Materials and methodsUsing Eurostat data and hierarchical mixed models, the analysis reveals a declining average poverty risk but substantial regional disparities in both levels and trends.ResultsHowever, the results indicate a convergence process, suggesting that higher-poverty regions have improved relatively more, despite challenging macroeconomic conditions.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the literature by analysing the impact of recent crises on household poverty at the regional level and by comparing regional trends against national patterns, emphasizing the role of regional characteristics alongside national policies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Impact of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Infrastructure Projects on Trade Volume in Africa]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and Purpose of workThis study examines the impact of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)- financed infrastructure investment on trade volume in Africa. It seeks to provide empirical evidence on whether BRI-related infrastructure development enhances trade performance across African economies.Material and MethodsThe study used annual panel data for 49 African countries covering the period 2014-2022. The analysis applied panel regression techniques, including fixed-effects, random-effects, and dynamic panel estimations, to examine the relationship between BRIfinanced infrastructure investment and trade volume.ResultsThe results indicate that BRI-financed infrastructure investment positively and statistically significantly affects trade volume across African countries. Foreign direct investment also contributes positively to trade, whereas the effects of income level and population density provided mixed results. Infrastructure development in transportation, energy, and logistics reduces trade costs and enhances market connectivity.ConclusionsThe results highlight the relevance of infrastructure-led development strategies and the need for effective policy coordination and sustainable financing strategies to maximize long-term trade gains.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Diffusion and Agricultural Sector Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from System GMM Estimation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThe study examines how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) diffusion influences agricultural value-added in 37 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2012 to 2022. It aims to identify which ICT components – internet use, broadband, mobile, and fixed telephone subscriptions – most effectively drive agricultural transformation and productivity.Materials and methodsUsing a two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) estimator, the study addresses endogeneity, persistence, and unobserved heterogeneity in dynamic panel data. The model includes key ICT indicators and control variables such as gross fixed capital formation and natural resource rents, supported by diagnostic tests for validity and robustness.ResultsFindings show that internet use and fixed telephony positively influence agricultural value-added, while broadband and mobile subscriptions show negative effects, reflecting infrastructure and saturation challengesConclusionsICT diffusion fosters agricultural transformation in SSA, contingent on digital literacy, infrastructure, and institutional readiness]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Energy Efficiency Policies in China and the United States: Institutional Frameworks, Territorial Dynamics, and Social Adoption: Lessons for Maghreb Countries with Focus on Algeria]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[BackgroundInternational climate commitments require accelerated energy efficiency policies, particularly in developing countries where institutional and economic challenges limit the effectiveness of national programs.ObjectiveThis study comparatively analyzes Chinese and American energy efficiency policies to identify institutional mechanisms transferable to Maghreb countries, with focus on Algeria.MethodsA comparative institutionalist approach was adopted, combining policy document analysis and quantitative assessment of energy performance over 2015-2023. The analytical framework examines institutional arrangements, policy instruments, and social adoption processes.ResultsChina achieved a 4.1% annual energy intensity reduction through a centralized model characterized by binding targets, hierarchical coordination via the NDRC, and targeted industrial programs (Top-1000/10000). The United States achieved 2.1% annual improvement through a decentralized federal system mobilizing market mechanisms and state innovation, generating 26 billion kWh savings via DSM programs. The analysis reveals four critical cross-cutting factors: political objective alignment, multi-level institutional coordination, adequate resource allocation, and stakeholder engagement.For Maghreb countries, a hybrid approach combining Chinese centralized coordination with American economic incentives optimizes success prospects. Contextual institutional adaptation proves more effective than replication of international models, requiring prior development of administrative and technical capacities in transition economies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Concept of “Industry 4.0” in South-Eastern Poland in the Opinion of Entrepreneurs: A Path to Sustainable Development or a Barrier to Growth?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of the workThe study aims to present the opinions of local entrepreneurs on technological changes within the concept of “Industry 4.0” and to identify the main determinants and barriers in the process of technological change in peripheral areas.Materials and methodsT he s tudy was conducted among 133 local entrepreneurs f rom t he districts of Brzozów, Sanok, Lesko, and Bieszczady, located in south-eastern Poland.ResultsThe study found that the biggest barriers to the introduction of the Industry 4.0 concept in peripheral areas were budget constraints, employee resistance to change, and employee fears of job loss. On the other hand, the determinants for introducing the concept were the pursuit of a sustainable development policy, the existence of a local ecosystem supporting innovation, cooperation with the science sector, and investments in technological infrastructure.ConclusionsThe research showed that entrepreneurs in peripheral areas are only in the early stages of digital transformation or are not planning it at all.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Impact of Circular Leadership on Circular Economy Adoption: Analysing Mediating Role of Organisational Climate Using a Dual-Stage PLS-SEM and ANN Approach]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workSubject and purpose of work. This study examines the impact of Circular Leadership (CL) and Organisational Climate (OC) on Circular Economy Adoption (CEA) at the organisational level, drawing on Goal Setting Theory.Materials and methodsData were collected from 431 employees of environmentally sensitive organisations using purposive sampling. Analyses were conducted with SPSS, SmartPLS for PLSSEM, and RStudio for Artificial Neural Network (ANN) validation.ResultsFindings indicate that both CL and OC significantly and positively affect CEA, with OC partially mediating the relationship between CL and CEA. The ANN results further confirm that CEA is best predicted when CL, identified as the most influential factor, interacts with OC.ConclusionsThe study is the first to empirically validate Circular Leadership as a second-order construct encompassing Vision &amp; Inspiration, Supportive Behaviour, Rewards &amp; Recognition, and Environmental Commitment, offering new insights into leadership and sustainable organisational transformation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mapping Three Decades of Regional Economics in Developed and Developing Countries with Future Insight]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of the workThis study seeks to analyse trends in regional economic studies comprehensively with a focus on future directions for both developed and developing countries.Materials and methodsThis research uses a bibliometric approach by analysing regional economic topics in the period 1995-2025 sourced from the Scopus database.ResultsRegional economic research shows a positive fluctuating growth of 1.36% annually. The United States emerges as the leading contributor. Themes increasingly center on sustainability, regional development, and socio-economics. The field is dominated by milieu innovateur, indicating a strong shift toward innovation and sustainability.ConclusionsThe potential development of future regional economic research lies in integrating evolutionary models, sustainability and socio-economic. For developed countries, future research should emphasize on innovative regional economic models. Developing countries focus on applying models that address macroeconomic challenges. Policy development aim to enhance participatory and sustainable regional economic planning.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Balancing Profitability and Growth in the Gambling Market of Ukraine]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThe subject of this study is the relationship between profitability and revenue growth in the gambling industry, viewed through the theoretical framework of Williamson’s compromise model.The purpose of the work is to identify and quantify the trade-offs between profit maximization and growth objectives among gambling firms.Materials and methodsThe study relies on a comparative analysis of ten gambling firms in Ukraine and abroad (2020-2024), using indicators of profit, growth, ROA, and NPM. Data from public reports were analyzed through Williamson’s model to classify firms by strategic orientation.ResultsThe results show a negative relationship between profitability and revenue growth. Ukrainian gambling firms balance short-term profit and long-term expansion, confirming Williamson’s compromise model within competitive market conditions.ConclusionsThe study concludes that gambling firms strategically balance profitability and growth rather than pursuing profit maximization alone. The findings validate Williamson’s compromise model and highlight the need for adaptive management decisions in Ukraine’s evolving gambling market.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Effectiveness of Waste Management Techniques for Sustainable Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Study Using Structural Equation Modeling]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workImproper waste disposal is a major environmental issue, contributing substantially to pollution and posing serious health risks. Globally, municipalities are increasingly adopting smart waste management technologies to ease the burden on waste collection systems. This study investigates the role of entrepreneurs with a particular focus on Kokrajhar city in Assam.Materials and methodsA quantitative approach was employed, collecting data through a structured questionnaire administered to 600 households with random sampling method. Using a robust quantitative approach and validated tools, including Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) via AMOS, the study ensures construct validity and reliable measurement.ResultsThe Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.808, indicating strong sampling adequacy for factor analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), conducted using AMOS software, validated the construct and examined inter-variable relationships.ConclusionsEntrepreneurial initiatives are increasingly playing a dual role, This study contributes to sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management by emphasizing the role of entrepreneurs in Kokrajhar, Assam.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Multidimensional Determinants of Investment Attractiveness in Polish Municipalities: An Empirical Analysis of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThe article aims to identify and analyze the determinants of investment attractiveness of municipalities in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, one of the major regions in Poland.Materials and methodsThe research was based on a hybrid approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 1,403 respondents participated, including residents, entrepreneurs, and local government representatives. Data collection included structured questionnaires and statistical analyses to evaluate relationships among factors influencing local investment attractiveness.ResultsThe findings show that the strongest determinants of investment attractiveness are social factors (e.g., civic engagement, public safety), environmental factors (e.g., climate, access to resources), and economic factors (e.g., stability, tax policy).ConclusionsThe results of analysis indicate that the investment climate is not only a function of economic factors but is increasingly dependent on the quality of social life, regulatory transparency, and modern infrastructure solutions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Use of Simulation Modeling in Optimizing Warehouse Inventory Distribution]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThe article examines the use of simulation modelling as an effective research method supporting decision-making in logistics process management. The study focuses on a branch of an international logistics company in Poland facing inefficient inventory distribution and extended order-fulfilment times.Materials and methodsA computer simulation based on discrete-event modelling (DEM) was developed to reflect the real warehouse layout and picking processes. Using the FlexSim environment, 15 variants of product placement were tested, including ABC classification, assortment-group organisation, and random allocation.ResultsThe findings indicate that applying the ABC method – particularly based on picking frequency – reduces average order-fulfilment time by up to 17 seconds compared to the existing layout, generating significant operational savings at high order volumes. The simulation also identified process bottlenecks and improved forklift routing.ConclusionsSimulation modelling proved effective in enhancing the analysed logistics process and offers a robust foundation for further optimisation in comparable warehouse environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[International Outsourcing in China and India: A Sectoral Comparison Using Input-Output Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis study examines the extent of international outsourcing in China and India across the total economy and selected sectors, including industry, agriculture, manufacturing, services, and technology.Materials and methodsThe analysis uses Input–Output Tables from the OECD database for the years 1995, 2008, 2009, and 2018, applying established outsourcing indices to measure import dependency at sectoral and technological levels.ResultsResults indicate that outsourcing in India increased steadily until 2008/2009, while in China it followed a more fluctuating pattern. In both countries, outsourcing intensity is highest in the manufacturing sector. Technological classification reveals that China relies more on high-tech sectors, whereas India shows higher dependency in medium-high-tech and mediumlow-tech sectors. The findings also suggest that during periods of economic crisis, outsourcing dependency may expose production processes to vulnerabilities.ConclusionsThe study contributes to the literature by providing a comparative sectoral and technological assessment of international outsourcing in China and India using Input–Output data.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Auditors’ Perceptions of KAMs in an Emerging Market: Evidence from Kosovo]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis article assesses whether ISA 701 Key Audit Matters (KAMs) are perceived to improve (i) audit-outcome quality and (ii) audit-process efficiency in Kosovo. It also examines how auditor experience, firm size, and workload shape these perceptions.Materials and methodsA structured survey of 150 certified/licensed auditors in Kosovo was administered. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, chi-square tests, and regression models were employed to evaluate perceived effects of KAMs.ResultsMost respondents do not perceive KAM reporting as having materially improved auditoutcome quality, consistent with findings reported in other jurisdictions. By contrast, many auditors, indicate that KAMs have made the audit process more efficient and effective, chiefly by sharpening focus on higher-risk areas and improving communication with stakeholders. Differences by experience appear modest.ConclusionsKAMs are generally not perceived to raise audit-outcome quality in Kosovo, but they do streamline audits via sharper risk focus and communication. Small practices would benefit from targeted guidance and complementary quality initiatives.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Bridging the Digital Divide: Determinants of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Diffusion in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Economies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis study examines the structural, financial, and economic determinants of ICT diffusion in 37 Sub-Saharan African economies from 2012–2022. Using a composite ICT Diffusion Index developed through Principal Component Analysis and estimated via a two-step System GMM model, it addresses endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity. Results reveal that GDP per capita, urbanization, and domestic credit are key drivers of ICT diffusion, highlighting the roles of economic prosperity, spatial concentration, and financial depth. Electricity access has a positive yet conditional effect, while investment quality matters more than quantity. Overall, ICT diffusion in SSA is dynamic, cumulative, and path-dependent.Materials and methodsTwo-step System GMM model.ResultsAll the primary variables has a positive and significant effcet of ICT diffusion.ConclusionsOverall, ICT diffusion in SSA is dynamic, cumulative, and path-dependent.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[An Analysis of Organic Farming Around the Globe with a Special Emphasis on India]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ers-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Subject and purpose of workThis article examines the current state and possibilities of organic farming in India and worldwide.Materials and methodsThis study is based on secondary data sources like numerous reports, journals, APEDA (Agricultural Processed Food Products &amp; Export Development Authority), PGS India Web Portal, NCOF annual reports, FiBL Statistics etc.ResultsThe data shows that Oceania has the most significant land area proportion, followed by North America and Europe. Australia leads the world in total organic agricultural land, followed by India and Argentina, and India ranks first in the world in terms of total number of organic producers, followed by Uganda and Thailand.ConclusionsIn India, the number of organic producers and the area under organic farming have boosted at a compound annual rate of 13.5% and 12%, respectively. The results show India grows organic products and exports them outside the country.]]></description>
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