Figure 1:
Results of hypotheses
| Path coefficient | p-value | Confidence interval (bias corrected) | Supported | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI. External environmental uncertainty → BSC | 0.003 | 0.486 | [−0.156, 0.171] | No |
| H2. External environmental uncertainty → decentralised decision-making | 0.325 | < 0.01 | [0.167, 0.434] | Yes |
| H3. Decentralised decision-making → BSC | 0.478 | < 0.01 | [0.332, 0.579] | Yes |
| H4. BSC → hotel performance | 0.783 | < 0.01 | [0.701, 0.837] | Yes |
| H5. External environmental uncertainty → decentralised decision-making → BSC | 0.156 | < 0.01 | [0.072, 0.233] | Yes |
| H6. External environmental uncertainty → BSC → hotel performance | 0.003 | 0.486 | [−0.122, 0.137] | No |
| H7. Decentralised decision-making → BSC → hotel performance | 0.374 | < 0.01 | [0.264, 0.459] | Yes |
Discriminant validity; Fornell-Larcker
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. IBP dimension of BSC | 0.787 | ||||||
| 2. Customer dimension of BSC | 0.747 | 0.747 | |||||
| 3. External environmental uncertainty | 0.106 | 0.111 | 0.773 | ||||
| 4. Financial dimension of BSC | 0.408 | 0.594 | 0.146 | 0.789 | |||
| 5. I&L dimension of BSC | 0.727 | 0.692 | 0.165 | 0.408 | 0.767 | ||
| 6. Hotel performance | 0.575 | 0.704 | 0.080 | 0.706 | 0.505 | 0.811 | |
| 7. Decentralized decision making | 0.454 | 0.412 | 0.321 | 0.305 | 0.514 | 0.271 | 0.750 |
Respondents' profile (N = 145)
| Characteristics | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 122 | 84.1 |
| Female | 23 | 15.9 |
| Age | ||
| 18–27 | 13 | 9.0 |
| 28–37 | 30 | 20.7 |
| 38–47 | 48 | 33.1 |
| 48–57 | 53 | 36.6 |
| 58+ | 1 | 0.7 |
| Education | ||
| Secondary school | 3 | 2.1 |
| High school | 22 | 15.2 |
| Two-year college degree | 20 | 13.8 |
| Four-year college degree | 76 | 52.4 |
| Graduate degree | 24 | 16.6 |
| Organisational tenure | ||
| Less than 1 year | 27 | 18.6 |
| 1–5 years | 68 | 46.9 |
| 6–10 years | 25 | 17.2 |
| 11–15 years | 8 | 5.5 |
| 16–20 years | 7 | 4.8 |
| More than 20 years | 9 | 6.2 |
Results: Assessment of the measurement model for first-order constructs
| Construct/related items | Outer loadings | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|
| External environmental uncertainty | 0.730 | 0.598 | |
| EEU4 | 0.500 | ||
| EEU5 | 0.973 | ||
| Decentralised decision-making | 0.865 | 0.563 | |
| DEC1 | 0.710 | ||
| DEC2 | 0.668 | ||
| DEC3 | 0.840 | ||
| DEC4 | 0.799 | ||
| DEC5 | 0.722 | ||
| Finance | 0.937 | 0.622 | |
| FINA1 | 0.734 | ||
| FINA2 | 0.766 | ||
| FINA3 | 0.825 | ||
| FINA4 | 0.812 | ||
| FINA5 | 0.803 | ||
| FINA6 | 0.683 | ||
| FINA7 | 0.868 | ||
| FINA8 | 0.808 | ||
| FINA9 | 0.787 | ||
| Customer | 0.919 | 0.558 | |
| CUST1 | 0.837 | ||
| CUST2 | 0.730 | ||
| CUST3 | 0.778 | ||
| CUST4 | 0.697 | ||
| CUST5 | 0.768 | ||
| CUST6 | 0.707 | ||
| CUST7 | 0.822 | ||
| CUST8 | 0.736 | ||
| CUST9 | 0.625 | ||
| Internal business process | 0.865 | 0.620 | |
| IBP1 | 0.828 | ||
| IBP2 | 0.872 | ||
| IBP3 | 0.821 | ||
| IBP6 | 0.598 | ||
| Innovation & learning | 0.909 | 0.589 | |
| IL1 | 0.777 | ||
| IL2 | 0.797 | ||
| IL3 | 0.747 | ||
| IL6 | 0.664 | ||
| IL7 | 0.848 | ||
| IL8 | 0.835 | ||
| IL9 | 0.686 | ||
| Hotel performance | 0.931 | 0.658 | |
| PERF1 | 0.781 | ||
| PERF2 | 0.857 | ||
| PERF3 | 0.843 | ||
| PERF4 | 0.859 | ||
| PERF5 | 0.794 | ||
| PERF6 | 0.699 | ||
| PERF7 | 0.835 | ||
Discriminant validity; HTMT
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. IBP dimension of BSC | |||||||
| 2. Customer dimension of BSC | 0.895 | ||||||
| 3. External environmental uncertainty | 0.172 | 0.235 | |||||
| 4. Financial dimension of BSC | 0.477 | 0.639 | 0.217 | ||||
| 5. I&L dimension of BSC | 0.876 | 0.785 | 0.243 | 0.440 | |||
| 6. Hotel performance | 0.685 | 0.774 | 0.142 | 0.760 | 0.562 | ||
| 7. Decentralized decision making | 0.573 | 0.485 | 0.431 | 0.330 | 0.598 | 0.314 |