Figure 1
Impact of different concentrations of salinity on leaf lengths (cm) for five wheat cultivars. Data represent mean values of leaves length (cm) and standard deviation (error bars) for three repeated measurements. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test.
Table 1
Impact of salinity on morphological parameters (length of leaf, root and shoot)
| Parameters measured (in cm) | Treatment (mMNaCl) | Wheat cultivars | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suba | Toborzo | Viktoria | Nogal | Dajti | ||
| Root | 0 | 11.6±0.87 a | 10.76±1.78 a | 24.13 ±0.32 a | 10.37±1.98 a | 15.43±0.55 a |
| 50 | 11.0±0.45 a | 8.43±3.10 a | 15.03±0.15bc | 8.63±2.030 a | 13.47±0.42ab | |
| 100 | 11.4±1.32 a | 7.27±0.85 a | 15.15±0.5 cd | 7.23±1.096 a | 11.60±0.79bcd | |
| 200 | 12.37±0.51 a | 8.36±2.45 a | 8.97±0.25 d | 7.43±2.57 a | 10.03±1.86 cd | |
| Leaf | 0 | 21.83±1.61 a | 17.33±3.34 a | 23.27±2.0 a | 17.10±3.3 a | 23.27±1.14 a |
| 50 | 18.93±0.40ab | 15.4±1.9 b | 20.3±1.87ab | 13.7±1.75ab | 22.70±0.40 a | |
| 100 | 17.73±2.08 b | 10.7±1.15 c | 15.13±1.35bc | 10.70±1.15ab | 15.4±1.22 b | |
| 200 | 12.03±1.50 c | 9.53±1.15 d | 11.27±3.35 c | 9.53±2.04 b | 15.23±0.10 b | |
| Shoot | 0 | 8.20±0.20 a | 11.07±0.21 a | 6.88±0.11 a | 9.63±2.4 a | 7.27±0.25 a |
| 50 | 7.17±0.31bc | 7.97±0.41 b | 6.03±0.15 b | 7.96±0.42abc | 6.80±0.26 a | |
| 100 | 6.87±0.32 cd | 5.23±0.25 c | 6.10±0.2 b | 6.03±0.15bc | 6.07±0.31 b | |
| 200 | 4.02±0.18 d | 6.03±0.15 d | 6.0±0.18 b | 5.40±0.15 c | 5.00±0.2 c | |
[i] Values present the mean of three repeated measurements (±DS).
Figure 2
Impact of different concentrations of salinity on root lengths (cm) for five wheat cultivars. Data represent mean values of leaves length (cm) and standard deviation (error bars) for three repeated measurements. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test.
Figure 3
Impact of saline treatments on mean shoot length (cm). Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test.
Figure 4
Differences among mean chla content (mg/g fresh weight) for five wheat cultivars under saline treatments. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Post Hoc Tukey Test.
Figure 5
Differences among mean chlb content (mg/g fresh weight) for five wheat cultivars under saline treatments. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test.
Figure 6
Differences among mean total chl content (mg/g fresh weight) for five wheat cultivars under saline treatments. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test. Values are means from three independent experiments. Different letters indicates statistically significant difference between treatments of the same cultivar.
Figure 7
Differences among mean carotenoids+xantophylls content (mg/g fresh weight), for five wheat cultivars under saline treatments. Mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05) according to Tukey Test.
Table 2
Chlorophyll concentration (chla, chlb, tot chl, carotenoids and xanthophylls) of different wheat cultivars grown under normal and saline environments. Data is displayed as means±standart deviation (n=3). Different letters, for each cultivar, indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among NaCl treatments by Tukey test.
| Cultivar | Treatment (NaCl) | 2nd week | 3rd week | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chla in mg/g fresh weight | chlb in mg/g fresh weight | tot chl | carotenoids + xanthophylls in mg/g fresh weight | chla in mg/g fresh weight | chlb in mg/g fresh weight | tot chl | carotenoids + xanthophylls in mg/g fresh weight | ||
| Suba | 0 mM | 0.60±0.25 a | 0.147±0.5 a | 0.75±0.29 a | 42.8±15.8 a | 0.59±0.01 a | 0.12±0.01 a | 1.18±0.05 a | 46.9±0.1 a |
| 50 mM | 0.78±0.27 a | 0.21±0.08 a | 0.98±0.35 a | 55.4±15.9 a | 1.097±0.15 b | 0.17±0.05 b | 0.74±0.03 b | 58.22±0.56 b | |
| 100 mM | 1.01±0.07 a | 0.255±0.02 a | 1.26±0.09 a | 65.2±10.4 a | 1.06±0.01 c | 0.24±0.14 c | 1.34±0.013 b | 68.5±0.55 c | |
| 200 mM | 0.77±0.26 a | 0.21±0.07 a | 0.97±0.32 a | 55.2±10.6 a | 0.47±0.01 d | 0.27±0.02 d | 1.33±0.04 c | 65.8±0.15 d | |
| Toborzo | 0 mM | 0.51±0.26 a | 0.13±0.7 a | 0.63±0.33 a | 35.47±19.7 a | 0.94±0.001 a | 0.21±0.01 a | 0.48±0.6 a | 56.9±0.15 a |
| 50 mM | 0.74±0.23 a | 0.17±0.6 a | 0.91±0.29 a | 48.4±12.8 a | 0.72±0.02 b | 0.19±0.003 a | 0.92±0.01 a | 51.7±0.03 b | |
| 100 mM | 0.82±0.18 a | 0.21±0.05 a | 1.03±0.23 a | 56.2±13.1 a | 0.53±0.01 c | 0.14±0.001 b | 0.67±0.002 a | 40.9±0.02 c | |
| 200 mM | 0.8±0.39 a | 0.22±0.1 a | 1.07±0.48 a | 57.4±21.5 a | 0.66±0.002 d | 0.2±0.01 a | 0.84±0.001 a | 50.0±0.5 d | |
| Viktoria | 0 mM | 0.55±0.1 a | 0.14±0.03 b | 0.68±0.13 a | 39.6±6.95 a | 0.84±0.001 a | 0.20±0.005 a | 1.02±0.02 a | 52.1±0.27 a |
| 50 mM | 0.77±0.07 ab | 0.21±0.02 b | 0.99±0.09 ab | 54.9±4.54 ab | 0.97±0.01 b | 0.21±0.003 b | 1.18±0.01 b | 63±0.087 b | |
| 100 mM | 0.72±0.17 ab | 0.17±0.04 b | 0.9±0.21 ab | 49.9±10.7 ab | 0.65±0.01 c | 0.13±0.005 c | 0.80±0.005 b | 41.7±0.006 c | |
| 200 mM | 0.9±0.13 b | 0.23±0.04 b | 1.1±0.17 b | 63.1±7.25 b | 0.64± 0.02 d | 0.16±0.001 d | 0.80±0.008 c | 49.1±0.04 d | |
| Nogal | 0 mM | 1.08±0.3 ab | 0.31±0.01 a | 1.38±0.04 a | 74.5±1.8 a | 0.71±0.03 a | 0.19±0.002 a | 0.9±0.01 a | 51.4±0.01 a |
| 50 mM | 0.9±0.05 a | 0.24±0.02 b | 1.14±0.7 b | 63.7±1.44 a | 0.5±0.01 b | 0.13±0.001 b | 0.63±0.02 b | 35±0.005 b | |
| 100 mM | 1.0±0.09 ab | 0.24±0.01 b | 1.26±0.1 ab | 70.4±8.54 a | 0.71±0.01 a | 0.16±0.006 c | 0.87±0.002 c | 39.1±0.2 c | |
| 200 mM | 1.0±0.1 b | 0.25±0.04 b | 1.38±0.13 a | 74.7±8.54 a | 0.69±0.01 c | 0.122±0.01 d | 0.81±0.002 d | 38.1±0.17 d | |
| Dajti | 0 mM | 0.82±0.11 a | 0.22±0.04 a | 1.04±0.15 a | 57.3±7.46 a | 0.42±0.01 a | 0.17±0.04 a | 0.53±0.4 a | 32.6±0.01 a |
| 50 mM | 0.91±0.08 a | 0.26±0.02 a | 1.17±0.1 a | 66.9±3.9 a | 0.74±0.03 b | 0.21±0.02 a | 0.95±0.01 b | 56.85±0.05 b | |
| 100 mM | 0.86±0.17 a | 0.02±0.01 a | 0.97±0.1 a | 56.78±4.6 a | 0.66±0.01 c | 0.31±0.25 a | 0.82±0.08 c | 46.27±0.03 c | |
| 200 mM | 0.8±0.11 a | 0.04±0.02 a | 1.0±0.14 a | 57.1±9.0 a | 0.40±0.02d | 0.09±0.007 a | 0.49±0.03 d | 29.4±0.02 d | |
Figure 8
Ratio Chla / Chlb at wheat cultivars two and three weeks after saline treatment.
Table 3
GSH (mM) for wheat cultivars Suba, Toborzo,Viktoria, Nogal and Dajti treated with modified Hoagland solution (0-50-100-200 mM NaCl), 2 and 3 weeks after treatment
| Wheat cultivar | Week of measurement | Treatment with salinity (NaCl) | Value of test p=0.05 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (0 NaCl) | 50 mM | 100 mM | 200 mM | Week/treatment | ||
| Suba | 2nd | 0.64 a | 0.86 a | 0.31 b | 0.14 b | p=0.002 |
| 3rd | 0.31 a | 0.78 b | 0.38 a | 0.09 a | p=0.003 | |
| Toborzo | 2nd | 0.11 a | 0.37 a | 0.52 a | 0.50 a | p=0.085 |
| 3rd | 0.19 a | 0.39 ab | 0.54 b | 0.48 ab | p=0.042 | |
| Viktoria | 2nd | 0.58 c | 0.72 c | 0.71 c | 0.83 c | p=0.408 |
| 3rd | 0.43 c | 0.77 c | 0.39 c | 0.36 c | p=0.055 | |
| Nogal | 2nd | 0.72 ab | 1.06 b | 0.93 b | 0.58 a | p=0.016 |
| 3rd | 0.21 ab | 0.15 a | 0.51 ab | 0.67 b | p=0.026 | |
| Dajti | 2nd | 0.36 a | 0.59 ab | 0.96 b | 0.23 a | p=0.005 |
| 3rd | 0.45 a | 0.51a | 0.167 a | 0.27 a | p=0.467 | |
[i] Values are means of three replicates, mean values followed by different letters within the same cultivar are statistically different (p<0.05), generated by Tukey post hoc test.
Table 4
Summary of the effect of salinity concentration on root, shoot and leaf development of five bread wheat cultivars during seedling in modified Hoagland solution (three weeks after treatment). Arrows directions 
| Cultivars | Roots development | Shoots development | Leaf development |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dajti |  |  |  |
| Suba |  |  |  |
| Toborzo |  |  |  |
| Viktoria |  |  |  |
| Nogal |  |  |  |
