Figure 1.
Clinically most significant efflux pumps in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
| Bacteria | Efflux pumps families | Antibiotics and other substrates | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii | RND | Fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines | [1,57,58] |
| MFS | Chloramphenicol, daunorubicin, linezolid, macrolides | [11,29] | |
| SMR | Detergents, dyes, disinfectants | [32] | |
| MATE | Ethidium bromide | [12,33] | |
| Escherichia coli | ABC | Lincomycin, bacitracin, erythromycin, tigecycline | [13,15] |
| RND | β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | [17] | |
| MFS | Rifampin, daunorubicin | [28] | |
| MATE | Aminoglycosides | [33,34] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | RND | Novobiocin, penicillins, erythromycin, β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol | [18] |
| MATE | Chloramphenicol, linezolid | [12,33,34] | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | ABC | Kanamycin, bacitracin | [13,15] |
| RND | Erythromycin, crystal violet, cholic acid | [59] | |
| MFS | Norfloxacin, azithromycin, rifampin, spectinomycin | [29] | |
| Salmonella spp. | ABC | Erythromycin, kakamycin | [9,13] |
| RND | Fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, rifampin, β-lactams, bile saslts, indole, crystal violet | [9,37,60] | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ABC | Macrolides | [14] |
| MFS | β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones | [29] | |
| SMR | Aminoglycosides, quinolones, erythromycin, detergents, disinfectants | [32] |