Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Analysis of North American ENDS

Smith, Cameron; Jamison, Brian; Jongsma, Candice; Carter, Karen; Wang, Jiaming; Bates, Austin; Ullah, Sifat; Cook, David; Gene Gillman, I.

doi:10.2478/cttr-2024-0008

Figures & Tables

Nicotine aerosol yields for North American ENDS under ISO 20768 (ISO) and Intense (Int) puffing regimes.

HPHCs and chemicals analyzed in ENDS aerosol_

Classification of HPHCs and chemicals	Main text	Supplemental only
Primary constituents	Nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol, menthol	Water
Carbonyls	Acetaldehyde, acetyl propionyl, acrolein, n-butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, diacetyl, formaldehyde	NA
Metals	Chomium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)	Arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), Tin (Sn)
Glycidol	Glycidol	NA

Brands/devices and e-liquid test products_

Brands/devices	Product source	Category	E-liquid	Labelled nicotine strength (%) & form³
Glas	US	Closed pod	Signature Tobacco	5% Salt
Glas	US	Closed pod	Fresh Menthol	5% Salt
myBlu	US	Closed pod	Rich Tobacco	2.4% Freebase
myBlu	US	Closed pod	Menthol	2.4% Freebase
ACE	US	Closed pod	Classic Tobacco	5% Salt
ACE	US	Closed pod	Menthol	5% Salt
PHIX	US	Closed pod	Original Blend (Tobacco)	5% Salt
PHIX	US	Closed pod	Tobacco Menthol	5% Salt
RELX Classic	CAN	Closed pod	Classic Tobacco	5% Salt
RELX Classic	CAN	Closed pod	Mint	5% Salt
RELX Classic	CAN	Closed pod	Tangy Purple	3% Salt
RELX Classic	CAN	Closed pod	Peach Oolong	3% Salt
JUUL	CAN	Closed pod	Mint	5% Salt
JUUL	CAN	Closed pod	Golden Tobacco	5% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Rich Tobacco	5% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Menthol	5% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Rich Tobacco	2.4% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Menthol	2.4% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Rich Tobacco	1.8% Salt
Alto	US	Closed pod	Menthol	1.8% Salt
Solo	US	Closed cigalike	Original (Tobacco)	4.8% Salt
Solo	US	Closed cigalike	Menthol	4.8% Salt
BIDI Stick	US	Closed disposable	Classic (Tobacco)	6% Salt
BIDI Stick	US	Closed disposable	Artic (Menthol)	6% Salt
BIDI Stick	US	Closed disposable	Gold	6% Salt
South Beach Smoke	US	Closed cigalike	Tobacco	2.4% Freebase
South Beach Smoke	US	Closed cigalike	Menthol	2.4% Freebase
iWũ¹ (15W Max; 1.3Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Tobacco	4.5% Salt
iWũ¹ (15W Max; 1.3Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Menthol	4.5% Salt
Nord 4² (12W; 0.4Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Tobacco	4.5% Salt
Nord 4² (12W; 0.4Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Menthol	4.5% Salt
Zumwalt¹ (13W Max; 1.2Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Tobacco	4.5% Salt
Zumwalt¹ (13W Max; 1.2Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Menthol	4.5% Salt
Renova ZERO² (10.5W; 1.3Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Tobacco	4.5% Salt
Renova ZERO² (10.5W; 1.3Ω)	US	Open refillable pod	Mr. Salt-E Menthol	4.5% Salt

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – glycidol (per puff)_

Parameter/constituent		Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco	Tobacco	Golden Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco
		2.40%	5.00%	4.80%	5.00%	5.00%	2.40%	1.80%	5.00%
		MyBlu	ACE	Solo	JUUL	Alto	Alto	Alto	RELX
*Glycidol*
	ISO 20768 puff count	284	289	156	371	314	339	355	300
	Intense puff count	103	134	114	223	150	190	167	155
Device mass loss (mg)
	ISO 20768	5.01 ± 0.32	6.18 ± 0.27	2.43 ± 0.10	1.18 ± 0.23	4.37 ± 0.71	4.29 ± 0.82	4.34 ± 0.86	5.97 ± 0.48
	Intense	11.53 ± 1.90	9.39 ± 0.29	3.81 ± 0.20	2.45 ± 0.27	10.55 ± 0.60	9.51 ± 1.50	8.15 ± 0.74	10.30 ± 2.11
Glycidol (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.16 ± 0.1	0.10 ± 0.03	0.030 ± 0.014	0.006 ± 0.002	0.38 ± 0.08	0.36 ± 0.08	0.45 ± 0.09	0.047 ± 0.012
	Intense	0.56 ± 0.31	0.16 ± 0.04	0.030 ± 0.008	0.004 ± 0.001	1.33 ± 0.31	1.19 ± 0.40	1.19 ± 0.21	0.30 ± 0.07

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – primary constituents (per puff)_

Parameter/constituent		Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco	Tobacco	Golden Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco
		2.40%	5.00%	4.80%	5.00%	5.00%	2.40%	1.80%	5.00%
		MyBlu	ACE	Solo	JUUL	Alto	Alto	Alto	RELX
*Primary constituents*
	ISO 20768 puff count	262	360	156	371	363	339	355	297
	Intense puff count	104	213	114	229	140	167	190	140
Device mass loss (mg)
	ISO 20768	6.08 ± 0.18	4.62 ± 0.38	2.46 ± 0.19	1.30 ± 0.12	4.07 ± 0.58	3.75 ± 0.76	3.51 ± 0.89	6.58 ± 0.29
	Intense	14.01 ± 1.39	7.97 ± 0.33	3.73 ± 0.12	2.21 ± 0.38	9.88 ± 0.96	9.07 ± 0.94	9.44 ± 0.95	12.78 ± 1.19
Nicotine (mg)
	ISO 20768	0.114 ± 0.005	0.196 ± 0.017	0.097 ± 0.011	0.061 ± 0.006	0.178 ± 0.024	0.079 ± 0.02	0.055 ± 0.021	0.276 ± 0.011
	Intense	0.244 ± 0.019	0.333 ± 0.035	0.147 ± 0.006	0.100 ± 0.019	0.440 ± 0.026	0.206 ± 0.027	0.150 ± 0.018	0.532 ± 0.054
Propylene glycol (mg)
	ISO 20768	1.99 ± 0.19	1.31 ± 0.12	0.345 ± 0.042	0.301 ± 0.027	1.31 ± 0.20	1.34 ± 0.32	1.27 ± 0.47	1.21 ± 0.06
	Intense	4.37 ± 0.39	2.15 ± 0.23	0.53 ± 0.02	0.53 ± 0.10	3.22 ± 0.20	3.58 ± 0.44	3.38 ± 0.34	2.40 ± 0.25
Glycerol (mg)
	ISO 20768	2.89 ± 0.13	1.92 ± 0.17	1.39 ± 0.16	0.79 ± 0.07	1.73 ± 0.20	1.71 ± 0.33	1.62 ± 0.46	3.32 ± 0.13
	Intense	6.14 ± 0.58	3.32 ± 0.34	2.05 ± 0.08	1.33 ± 0.25	4.38 ± 0.28	4.27 ± 0.42	4.27 ± 0.42	6.55 ± 0.51

Comparison between ENDS ISO 20768 aerosol collection yields and 1R6F Reference CC ISO 3308 smoke values (per mg of nicotine)_

Constituent	ENDS category (mg/mg nicotine)			1R6F CC smoke (mg/mg nicotine)	ENDS category (% change)
	ISO 20768			ISO 3308 Standard	Non-intense
	Lowest	Mean	Highest	Mean	Lowest	Mean	Highest
Acetaldehyde	8.27E-05	3.28E-03	5.83E-02	7.24E-01	−99.99%	−99.5%	−92.0%
Acetyl Propionyl	7.23E-07	3.19E-05	3.39E-04	1.56E-02	−99.995%	−99.8%	−97.8%
Acrolein	8.66E-05	2.10E-03	1.26E-02	5.96E-02	−99.9%	−96.5%	−79.0%
n-Butyraldehyde	7.23E-07	2.69E-05	6.29E-04	3.47E-02	−99.998%	−99.9%	−98.2%
Crotonaldehyde	1.18E-06	2.41E-05	1.53E-04	1.41E-02	−99.99%	−99.8%	−98.9%
Diacetyl	7.43E-06	8.64E-05	1.09E-03	1.26E-01	−99.99%	−99.9%	−99.1%
Formaldehyde	1.53E-04	5.00E-03	9.36E-02	3.74E-02	−99.6%	−86.6%	150%
Arsenic	1.22E-07	5.35E-07	1.67E-06	3.35E-06	−96.4%	−84.0%	−50.2%
Cadmium	1.22E-08	2.71E-08	7.96E-08	5.08E-05	−99.98%	−99.9%	−99.8%
*Chromium	2.00E-07	1.11E-06	1.28E-05	2.49E-06	NC	NC	416%
Copper	3.88E-07	1.33E-05	1.55E-04	1.64E-05	−97.63%	−18.6%	848%
Lead	3.07E-08	7.07E-07	1.69E-05	1.63E-05	−99.81%	−95.7%	3.82%
*Nickel	2.00E-07	1.27E-05	1.23E-04	4.98E-06	NC	155%	2376%
Glycidol	9.09E-06	4.43E-04	8.20E-03	1.04E-03	−99.1%	−57.2%	691%

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – carbonyls (per puff)_

Parameter/constituent		Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco	Tobacco	Golden Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco
		2.40%	5.00%	4.80%	5.00%	5.00%	2.40%	1.80%	5.00%
		MyBlu	ACE	Solo	JUUL	Alto	Alto	Alto	RELX
*Carbonyls*
	ISO 20768 puff count	262	360	156	371	363	339	355	297
	Intense puff count	104	213	114	229	140	167	190	140
Device mass loss (mg)
	ISO 20768	5.92 ± 0.44	4.57 ± 0.79	2.21 ± 0.09	1.26 ± 0.12	3.91 ± 0.45	4.27 ± 0.36	4.56 ± 0.45	6.27 ± 0.06
	Intense	14.79 ± 1.33	8.63 ± 0.64	3.31 ± 0.10	2.28 ± 0.29	10.81 ± 1.07	9.01 ± 1.55	9.70 ± 1.49	10.52 ± 1.42
Acetaldehyde (µg)
	ISO 20768	2.08 ± 0.97	0.45 ± 0.22	0.065 ± 0.022	0.017 ± 0.008	0.23 ± 0.15	0.38 ± 0.27	0.26 ± 0.09	0.056 ± 0.009
	Intense	38.99 ± 22.30	1.11 ± 1.00	0.14 ± 0.04	0.045 ± 0.045	0.42 ± 0.12	1.86 ± 1.07	1.30 ± 0.98	0.49 ± 0.47
Acetyl propionyl (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.010 ± 0.002	0.013 ± 0.005	BLOQ (0.007)	BLOD (0.0003)	0.017 ± 0.012	0.025 ± 0.012	0.019 ± 0.008	BLOQ (0.004)
	Intense	0.090 ± 0.039	0.009 ± 0.002	BLOD (0.001)	BLOD (0.0006)	0.021 ± 0.012	0.055 ± 0.022	0.049 ± 0.018	0.017 ± 0.015
Acrolein (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.61 ± 0.26	0.20 ± 0.12	0.022 ± 0.008	0.0092 ± 0.0032	0.14 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.10	0.17 ± 0.06	0.035 ± 0.012
	Intense	12.25 ± 4.91	0.59 ± 0.68	0.048 ± 0.014	0.026 ± 0.026	0.23 ± 0.10	1.02 ± 0.57	0.21 ± 0.10	0.43 ± 0.36
n-Butyraldehyde (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.009 ± 0.007	BLOQ (0.003)	BLOD (0.0007)	BLOD (0.0003)	0.005 ± 0.001	0.007 ± 0.002	0.006 ± 0.001	BLOQ (0.004)
	Intense	0.197 ± 0.112	BLOD (0.0007)	BLOD (0.001)	BLOD (0.0006)	BLOD (0.001)	0.0209 ± 0.005	0.0170 ± 0.004	BLOQ (0.009)
Crotonaldehyde (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.0074 ± 0.0044	BLOQ (0.003)	BLOD (0.001)	BLOD (0.0003)	BLOQ (0.003)	BLOQ (0.003)	BLOQ (0.003)	BLOD (0.0004)
	Intense	0.049 ± 0.019	BLOQ (0.006)	BLOD (0.002)	BLOD (0.0006)	BLOD (0.0009)	BLOQ (0.007)	BLOQ (0.008)	BLOQ (0.009)
Diacetyl (µg)
	ISO 20768	0.074 ± 0.013	0.048 ± 0.02	BLOQ (0.007)	BLOQ (0.003)	0.052 ± 0.044	0.086 ± 0.046	0.058 ± 0.028	0.007 ± 0.003
	Intense	0.488 ± 0.194	0.034 ± 0.011	BLOQ (0.01)	BLOQ (0.006)	0.076 ± 0.040	0.270 ± 0.101	0.1597 ± 0.067	0.080 ± 0.066
Formaldehyde (µg)
	ISO 20768	4.69 ± 2.60	0.29 ± 0.30	0.081 ± 0.042	0.084 ± 0.042	0.13 ± 0.11	0.40 ± 0.45	0.21 ± 0.15	0.12 ± 0.01
	Intense	82.1 ± 40.3	1.56 ± 2.06	0.24 ± 0.10	0.27 ± 0.31	0.26 ± 0.07	3.57 ± 2.39	1.77 ± 2.12	1.12 ± 1.14

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – metals (per puff)_

Parameter/constituent		Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco	Tobacco	Golden Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Rich Tobacco	Classic Tobacco
		2.40%	5.00%	4.80%	5.00%	5.00%	2.40%	1.80%	5.00%
		MyBlu	ACE	Solo	JUUL	Alto	Alto	Alto	RELX
*Metals*
	ISO 20768 puff count	262	360	156	371	363	339	355	297
	Intense puff count	104	213	114	229	140	167	190	140
Device mass loss (mg)
	ISO 20768	6.07 ± 0.27	5.11 ± 0.14	2.53 ± 0.05	1.06 ± 0.19	4.23 ± 0.47	5.13 ± 0.40	4.93 ± 0.43	6.16 ± 1.37
	Intense	14.55 ± 0.71	8.92 ± 0.45	3.25 ± 0.07	2.17 ± 0.64	10.81 ± 1.11	9.02 ± 1.62	10.28 ± 0.78	12.06 ± 2.30
Chromium (ng)
	ISO 20768	1.47 ± 1.14	0.59 ± 0.10	BLOD (0.06)	BLOD (0.03)	BLOQ (0.1)	BLOQ (0.1)	BLOQ (0.1)	BLOQ (0.2)
	Intense	2.92 ± 3.64	0.72 ± 0.27	BLOD (0.09)	BLOQ (0.2)	BLOQ (0.4)	BLOQ (0.3)	BLOD (0.06)	BLOD (0.07)
Copper (ng)
	ISO 20768	BLOD (0.1)	1.93 ± 0.8	BLOQ (0.5)	BLOD (0.1)	1.81 ± 1.39	2.77 ± 3.71	BLOQ (0.2)	0.77 ± 0.48
	Intense	BLOD (0.27)	3.85 ± 0.61	BLOQ (0.7)	BLOQ (0.3)	5.96 ± 9.27	10.88 ± 15.46	BLOQ (0.81)	0.77 ± 0.71
Iron (ng)
	ISO 20768	2.46 ± 0.87	1.43 ± 0.21	BLOD (0.6)	BLOD (0.3)	BLOD (0.3)	BLOD (0.3)	BLOD (0.3)	BLOQ (0.7)
	Intense	8.34 ± 3.45	1.25 ± 1.02	BLOD (1.8)	BLOQ (0.9)	BLOD (0.7)	BLOQ (1.1)	BLOD (0.6)	BLOD (0.7)
Lead (ng)
	ISO 20768	BLOQ (0.04)	2.77 ± 1.00	BLOD (0.02)	BLOD (0.01)	1.38 ± 1.35	BLOQ (0.03)	BLOD (0.01)	BLOQ (0.03)
	Intense	BLOD (0.02)	8.99 ± 4.97	BLOD (0.02)	BLOQ (0.04)	BLOD (0.02)	BLOD (0.01)	BLOD (0.01)	BLOD (0.02)
Nickel (ng)
	ISO 20768	1.1 ± 0.42	12.13 ± 2.71	0.084 ± 0.089	BLOD (0.01)	1.51 ± 0.88	0.47 ± 0.2	0.20 ± 0.05	1.11 ± 0.78
	Intense	3.20 ± 1.62	12.17 ± 6.57	BLOD (0.04)	0.12 ± 0.23	2.05 ± 1.76	1.05 ± 0.42	0.40 ± 0.15	1.03 ± 0.72
Zinc (ng)
	ISO 20768	BLOD (0.6)	25.87 ± 5.93	BLOD (1.0)	BLOD (0.4)	15.91 ± 15.57	7.26 ± 5.71	1.42 ± 1.32	11.7 ± 8.5
	Intense	BLOD (1.4)	48.55 ± 15.47	BLOQ (3.1)	BLOQ (1.6)	8.75 ± 5.54	17.38 ± 14.66	BLOQ (2.1)	8.55 ± 3.54

Comparison between ENDS Intense aerosol collection yields and 1R6F Reference CC ISO 20778 Intense smoke values (per mg of nicotine)_

Constituent	END category (mg/m nicotine)			1R6F CC smoke (mg/mg nicotine)	ENDs category (% change)
	Intense (110 mL, 6 s, 30 s)			ISO 20778 Intense	Intense
	Lowest	Mean	Highest	Mean	Lowest	Mean	Highest
Acetaldehyde	1.66E-04	6.34E-03	1.60E-01	8.19E-01	−99.98%	−99.2%	−80.5%
Acetyl propionyl	5.69E-06	3.99E-05	3.67E-04	1.83E-02	−99.969%	−99.8%	−98.0%
Acrolein	1.21E-04	3.41E-03	5.02E-02	8.12E-02	−99.9%	−95.8%	−38.2%
n-Butyraldehyde	7.23E-07	3.67E-05	8.08E-04	3.55E-02	−99.998%	−99.9%	−97.7%
Crotonaldehyde	1.80E-06	3.89E-05	2.03E-04	2.69E-02	−99.99%	−99.9%	−99.2%
Diacetyl	2.59E-05	1.46E-04	2.00E-03	1.25E-01	−99.98%	−99.9%	−98.4%
Formaldehyde	2.17E-04	1.05E-02	3.37E-01	5.49E-02	−99.6%	−80.8%	514%
Arsenic	1.34E-07	4.22E-07	1.21E-06	3.50E-06	−96.2%	−87.9%	−65.5%
Cadmium	1.34E-08	2.73E-08	7.72E-08	4.96E-05	−99.97%	−99.9%	−99.8%
*Chromium	1.34E-07	1.07E-06	1.20E-05	2.49E-06	NC	NC	382%
Copper	5.09E-07	1.79E-05	7.23E-05	2.16E-05	−97.6%	−17.2%	235%
Lead	3.36E-08	1.20E-06	2.70E-05	1.62E-05	−99.8%	−92.6%	66.5%
*Nickel	2.50E-07	1.71E-05	1.04E-04	4.98E-06	NC	243%	1991%
Glycidol	1.22E-05	5.02E-04	9.26E-03	1.11E-03	−98.9%	−54.7%	736%

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Analysis of North American ENDS

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

HPHCs and chemicals analyzed in ENDS aerosol_

Brands/devices and e-liquid test products_

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – glycidol (per puff)_

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – primary constituents (per puff)_

Comparison between ENDS ISO 20768 aerosol collection yields and 1R6F Reference CC ISO 3308 smoke values (per mg of nicotine)_

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – carbonyls (per puff)_

Market ENDS HPHCs and chemicals in aerosol – metals (per puff)_

Comparison between ENDS Intense aerosol collection yields and 1R6F Reference CC ISO 20778 Intense smoke values (per mg of nicotine)_

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