Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors

Product	Replicate	Set by mass flow controller		Measured		Calculations
Product	Replicate	ELPI^®+ flowrate (L/min)	Zero air dilution (L/min)	Laboratory air entering dilution system (L/min)	Puff volume (cm³)	Range of percent of puff sampled by ELPI^®+ ^a	Puff dilution ratio ^b
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	9.859	9.829	0.030	55.4	5.1 – 12.8	329
	2	9.826	9.792	0.034	55.6	5.8 – 13.4	289
	3	9.817	9.794	0.023	55.6	3.9 – 11.6	427
	4	9.913	9.890	0.023	55.6	3.9 – 11.6	431
	5	9.915	9.878	0.037	55.6	6.3 – 14.0	268
	6	9.939	9.911	0.028	55.4	4.8 – 12.5	355
	Mean ± SD	9.878 ± 0.051	9.840 ± 0.065	0.029 ± 0.006	55.5 ± 0.1	6.0 ± 1.0 – 12.7 ± 1.0	350 ± 68
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	9.912	9.977	0.035	55.4	6.0 – 13.7	283
	2	9.952	9.913	0.039	55.4	6.7 – 14.3	255
	3	9.962	9.928	0.034	55.5	5.8 – 13.5	293
	4	9.959	9.908	0.051	55.2	8.7 – 16.5	195
	5	9.961	9.914	0.047	55.6	8.0 – 15.6	212
	6	10.024	9.984	0.040	55.6	6.8 – 14.5	251
	Mean ± SD	9.962 ± 0.036	9.937 ± 0.034	0.041 ± 0.007	55.5 ± 0.2	7.0 ± 1.1 – 14.7 ± 1.2	248 ± 39

SD = standard deviation

a Range of percent of puff sampled = amount of laboratory air sampled over the 8 s exhaust of the pump with and without the 6 cm³ volume from the exhaust arm of dilution system divided by the total puff flow and multiplied by 1 minus aerosol deposition efficiency within the puffing machine piston. Measured aerosol deposition within the puffing machine piston was 29.045% so 1 minus deposition efficiency = 70.955 % of the puff aerosol mass was available for sampling.

b Ratio of ELPI^®+ flowrate set by mass flow controller (column 3) divided by measured amount of laboratory air entering the dilution system (column 5), which is also the amount of the puff that was sampled for the 8 s exhaust from the puffing machine.

Table 2.

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Recovery Efficiency Calculations.

Product	Replicate	Impactor
		Mini MOUDI™			ELPI^®+
		MMAD (μm)	GSD	Recovery %	MMAD (μm)	GSD	Recovery range (%) ^a
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	0.83	1.48	79.1	1.13	1.69	62.9 – 157.0
	2	0.90	1.54	77.3	1.13	1.69	59.8 – 138.6
	3	0.78	1.46	77.0	1.14	1.67	51.3 – 152.2
	4	NP	NP	NP	1.17	1.67	53.3 – 158.1
	5	NP	NP	NP	0.98	1.66	59.4 – 132.4
	6	NP	NP	NP	1.21	1.72	54.6 – 142.6
	Mean ± SD	0.84 ± 0.06	1.49 ± 0.04	77.8 ± 1.1	1.13 ± 0.08	1.68 ± 0.02	56.8 ± 4.5 – 146.8 ± 10.5
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	1.04	1.50	79.8	1.04	1.65	56.2 – 128.7
	2	1.10	1.40	79.3	0.96	1.58	65.0 – 139.0
	3	1.02	1.48	82.9	1.09	1.66	62.0 – 144.9
	4	NP	NP	NP	0.81	1.62	69.4 – 130.6
	5	NP	NP	NP	0.85	1.65	68.8 – 134.2
	6	NP	NP	NP	1.07	1.67	63.0 – 134.3
	Mean ± SD	1.05 ± 0.4	1.46 ± 0.05	80.7 ± 1.9	0.97 ± 0.12	1.64 ± 0.03	64.1 ± 4.9 – 135.3 ± 5.9

GSD = geometric standard deviation; MMAD = mass median aerodynamic diameter; NP = not performed; SD = standard deviation

a Based upon percent puff sampled range from Table 1.

Table 3.

Chemicals identified in impactor air blank samples.

Mini MOUDI™				ELPI^®+
Quantitative		Semi-quantitative		Quantitative		Semi-quantitative
Chemical	Quantity (ng)	Chemical	Quantity (ng)	Chemical	Quantity (μg)	Chemical	Quantity (μg)
Acetone	77	Diethylene glycol	100	Acetone*	5.9	Propylene + propane	0.3
Methylene chloride	22	C6-C8 Hydrocarbon	230	Methylene chloride *	14	Dichlorodifluoro methane	0.1
Hexane	11	Acetic acid	130	Hexane	1.4	Isobutane	0.2
Acetonitrile	59			Acetonitrile	0.1	Butane	0.4
Ethylacetate	7.8			Ethylacetate	0.05	Acetaldehyde	0.9
Carbon disulfide	15			Carbon Disulfide	0.9	2-Methylbutane	0.7
				Ethanol	0.4	Trichlorofluoro methane	0.4
				Toluene	0.1	Pentane	0.4
				1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane	0.09	Isoprene	0.4
				Isopropanol	1.2	3-Methylpentane	0.3
				Carbon tetrachloride	0.04	2-Methyl-2-propenal	0.2
				Isopropylbenzene	0.06	Methylcyclopentane	0.4
				Cyclohexane	0.02	Butanal	0.09
				Isooctane	0.3	Methyl ethyl ketone	0.1
				Chloroform	0.05	Pentanal	0.1
				Benzene	0.04	Propylene glycol	0.4
				4-Methyl-2-pentanone	0.006	Hexanal	0.2
				m,p-Xylene	0.03	α-Pinene	0.1
				o-Xylene	0.02	Octanal	0.1
				1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	0.009	Nonanal	0.3
				Ethylbenzene	0.007	Decanal	0.4
				Naphthalene	0.006	Undecanal	0.1
				Diethyl ether*	5.9	Tetradecane	0.2
						Dodecanal	0.1
						Pentadecane	0.1
						2-Dodecanone	0.3
						2-Tridecanone	0.4
						2,6-Ditertbutylphenol	0.1
						Siloxane	0.1
						C13-C15 Hydrocarbon	0.1
						C15-C17 Hydrocarbon	0.1

* Value exceeded calibration range by more than a factor of 10.

Table 4.

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the Mini MOUDI™ Impactor. Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all three replicate samples.

Product	Chemical	CAS #	Amount (Mean ± SD)
Product	Chemical	CAS #	Measured (μg/sorbent tube)	Calculated for entire sampled volume (μg)	Collected aerosol (μg/mg)
Quantitative analysis Mini MOUDI™
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	65.5 ± 21.1	1310 ± 422	77.6 ± 25.0
	Ethanol	64-17-5	38.2 ± 13.3	764 ± 266	45.2 ± 15.8
	Isopropanol	67-63-0	0.076 ± 0.015	1.52 ± 0.3	0.09 ± 0.02
	Toluene	108-88-3	0.007 ± 0.001	0.14 ± 0.02	0.008 ± 0.001
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	34.8 ± 23.6	696 ± 472	36.2 ± 24.5
	Ethanol ^b	64-17-5	0.05	1.0	0.05
	Isopropanol ^c	67-63-0	0.08 ± 0.02	1.6 ± 0.4	0.08 ± 0.02
	p-Isopropyltoluene ^c	99-87-6	0.007 ± 0.001	0.14 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.02
	Benzene ^b	71-43-2	0.008	0.16	0.008
	Toluene ^b	108-88-3	0.008	0.16	0.008
	m,p-Xylene ^b	108-38-3 or 106-42-3	0.02	0.4	0.02
Semi-quantitative analysis Mini MOUDI™
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Propylene glycol	57-55-6	27.5 ± 11.9	550 ± 238	32.6 ± 14.1
	Nicotine	54-11-5	0.17 ± 0.12	3.4 ± 2.4	0.2 ± 0.1
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	0.098 ± 0.004	1.96 ± 0.08	0.116 ± 0.005
	Acetaldehyde	75-07-0	0.83 ± 0.12	16.6 ± 2.4	0.98 ± 0.14
	Ethylbutyrate	105-54-4	0.35 ± 0.1	7.0 ± 2.0	0.41 ± 0.12
	Methylcyclopentane ^c	96-37-7	0.145 ± 0.078	2.90 ± 1.56	0.17 ± 0.09
	Limonene or d-limonene	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.182 ± 0.045	3.64 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 0.05
	Decanal^c	112-31-2	0.15 ± 0.06	3.0 ± 1.2	0.18 ± 0.07
	3-Methylpentane ^b	96-14-0	0.2	4.0	0.24
	Linalool ^c	78-70-6	0.09 ± 0.01	1.8 ± 0.2	0.11 ± 0.01
	Nonanal ^b	124-19-6	0.09	1.8	0.11
	3-Hexen-1-ol	544-12-7	0.53 ± 0.18	10.6 ± 3.6	0.62 ± 0.21
	Allyl hexanoate ^b	123-68-2	0.088 ± 0.013	1.76 ± 0.26	0.1 ± 0.02
	2-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazole ^b	13739-48-5	0.043 ± 0.012	0.86 ± 0.24	0.051 ± 0.014
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)*	Propylene glycol	57-55-6	20.1 ± 16.8	402 ± 336	20.9 ± 17.5
	Nicotine ^c	54-11-5	0.15 ± 0.13	3.0 ± 2.6	0.16 ± 0.14
	Acetol ^c	116-09-6	0.07	0.05 – 0.09	0.003 – 0.005
	Acetaldehyde ^b	75-07-0	0.8	1.6	0.083
	3-Octanol ^b	589-98-0	0.05	1.0	0.052
	Decanal ^c	112-31-2	0.2 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 2.0	0.21 ± 0.1
	Eucalyptol ^c	470-82-6	0.28 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 2.0	0.29 ± 0.1
	Menthone ^c	89-80-5	0.67 ± 0.39	13.4 ± 7.8	0.7 ± 0.4
	Menthol ^c	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	5.4 ± 3.5	108 ± 70	5.6 ± 3.6
	Menthyl acetate ^c	89-48-5	0.11 ± 0.06	2.2 ± 1.2	0.11 ± 0.06
	Benzyl alcohol ^c	100-51-6	0.09 ± 0.01	1.8 ± 0.2	0.094 ± 0.01
	Nonanal ^b	124-19-6	0.3	6.0	0.3
	1,1-Difluorethane	75-37-6	4.0	0.09 – 8.0	0.005 – 0.42
	2-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazole ^c	13739-48-5	0.045	0.04 – 0.05	0.002 – 0.003
	Nerylacetone ^b	3879-26-3	0.09	1.8	0.09

NA = not available; SD = standard deviation

* C6-C8 and C9-C11 hydrocarbons found.

a Calculated based upon internal standard, summation of individual chemical levels will not match due to semi-quantitative analysis.

b Found in one of three samples.

c Found in two of three samples (mean ± range).

Table 5.

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the ELPI^®+ Impactor. Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all six replicate samples.

Product	Chemical	CAS #	Mean ± SD (μg/collection)	Collected aerosol (μg/mg)
Quantitative analysis ELPI^®+
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	9.5 ± 2.9	0.07 ± 0.03
	1,3-Butadiene ^b	106-99-0	0.02	0.00014
	Tetrahydrofuran	109-99-9	0.0147 ± 0.0006	0.0001 ± 0.000004
	2-Methyl-1-propanol ^c	78-83-1	0.0009 ± 0.0001	0.000006 ± 0.0000007
	Methyl tertiary butyl ether ^f	1634-04-4	0.021 ± 0.027	0.00015 ± 0.00019
	trans 1,2-Dichloroethene ^c	156-60-5	0.007 ± 0.001	0.00005 ± 0.000007
	1,2-Dichloroethane ^b	107-06-2	0.0065 ± 0.0005	0.000046 ± 0.000035
	Bromodichloromethane ^b	75-27-4	0.007	0.00005
	Styrene ^b	100-42-5	0.005	0.000035
	Bromoform ^b	75-25-2	0.009	0.00006
	1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene ^b	108-67-8	0.006	0.000043
	p-Isopropyltoluene ^b	99-87-6	0.005	0.000035
	Ethylmethacrylate ^c	97-63-2	0.006 ± 0.002	0.0000436 ± 0.000014
	Trichloroethene ^b	79-01-2	0.007	0.00005
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	15.5 ± 7.6	0.21 ± 0.1
	1,3-Butadiene ^b	106-99-0	0.03	0.0004
	Tetrahydrofuran	109-99-9	0.023 ± 0.014	0.0003 ± 0.0002
	trans 1,2-Dichloroethene ^c	156-60-5	0.014 ± 0.006	0.0002 ± 0.00008
	Styrene ^b	100-42-5	0.009	0.00012
	1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene ^b	108-67-8	0.005	0.000067
	p-Isopropyltoluene	99-87-6	0.027 ± 0.005	0.00036 ± 0.000067
	Tetrachloroethene ^c	127-18-4	0.0135 ± 0.0065	0.00018 ± 0.000087
	Diethyl ether ^b	60-29-7	0.06	0.0008
	Naphthalene ^c	91-20-3	0.0075 ± 0.0005	0.0001 ± 0.000007
	1,2-Dichloroethane ^b	107-06-2	0.008	0.00011
	Bromodichloromethane ^b	75-27-4	0.007	0.00009
Semi-quantitative analysis ELPI^®+
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight) ^f	2-Methyl-1-propene ^b	115-11-7	0.1	0.0007
	1-Propanol ^b	71-23-8	0.3	0.002
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	1.08 ± 0.46	0.008 ± 0.003
	Menthone ^f	89-80-5	0.138 ± 0.057	0.001 ± 0.0002
	Ethylbutyrate	105-54-4	2.62 ± 1.58	0.02 ± 0.1
	Limonene or d-limonene	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.3 ± 0.17	0.002 ± 0.001
	Decanoic acid ^e	334-48-5	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
	Noanaoic acid ^e	112-05-0	0.125 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	2-Pentanone	107-87-9	0.182 ± 0.078	0.001 ± 0.0006
	Propanal ^e	123-38-6	0.15 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.0004
	2-Methylpentane ^e	107-83-5	0.12 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	tert-Butanol ^b	75-65-0	0.1	0.0007
	Methyl vinyl ketone ^d	78-94-4	0.17 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.0004
	4-Methyloctane	2216-34-4	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
	Heptanal	111-71-7	0.183 ± 0.075	0.0013 ± 0.0005
	Ethylhexanoate ^e	123-66-0	0.125 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	Acetic acid ^b	64-19-7	0.1	0.0007
	Diethylene glycol ^c	11-46-6	0.15 ± 0.05	0.001 ± 0.0004
	3-Methylbutanol ^b	590-86-3	0.09	0.0006
	Hexamethylchclotrisiloxane ^c	541-05-9	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight) ^f	Limonene or d-limonene ^c	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.2 ± 0.0	0.0027 ± 0.0
	Heptane ^b	142-82-5	0.095 ± 0.005	0.001 ± 0.0001
	Propanal ^b	123-38-6	0.1	0.001
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	6.25 ± 3.71	0.084 ± 0.05
	Menthone	89-80-5	1.82 ± 0.78	0.024 ± 0.01
	Eucalyptol	470-82-6	0.72 ± 0.19	0.01 ± 0.003
	Benzaldehyde ^c	100-52-7	0.15 ± 0.05	0.002 ± 0.0007
	4-methyloctane ^e	2216-34-4	0.2 ± 0.0	0.003 ± 0.0
	2-Methyl-1-propene ^d	115-11-7	0.17 ± 0.12	0.0023 ± 0.0016
	Trimethylsilanol ^d	1066-40-6	0.1 ± 0.0	0.001 ± 0.0
	2-Methylpentane ^c	107-83-5	0.2 ± 0.14	0.003 ± 0.002
	tert-Butanol ^e	75-65-0	0.15 ± 0.06	0.002 ± 0.0008
	Methyl vinyl ketone ^d	78-94-4	0.2 ± 0.1	0.003 ± 0.001
	2-Pentanone	107-87-9	0.2 ± 0.1	0.003 ± 0.001
	Heptanal ^e	111-71-7	0.3 ± 0.2	0.004 ± 0.003
	Acetic acid ^e	64-19-7	0.12 ± 0.5	0.002 ± 0.007
	Hexamethylchclotrisiloxane ^d	541-05-9	0.097 ± 0.006	0.013 ± 0.0001
	Chlorodifluormethane ^b	75-45-6	0.1	0.001
	1,1-Difluoroethane ^b	75-37-6	0.4	0.005
	Nonanoic acid ^c	112-05-0	0.45 ± 0.15	0.006 ± 0.002
	2-Methyl-2-propenal ^b	78-85-3	0.4	0.005
	2-Hexanone ^b	591-52-4	0.1	0.001
	Pentanoic acid ^b	109-52-4	0.1	0.001
	3-Octanol ^b	589-98-0	0.2	0.003
	Heptanoic acid ^b	111-14-8	0.1	0.001
	Triacetin ^b	102-76-1	0.1	0.001

NA = not available; SD = standard deviation

a Calculated based upon internal standard, summation of individual chemical levels will not match due to semi-quantitative analysis.

b Found in one of six samples.

c Found in two of six samples (mean ± range).

d Found in three of six samples.

e Found in four of six samples.

f Found in five of six samples.

g Numerous unidentified hydrocarbons with various number of carbon atoms (C6-C8, C7-C9, C8-C10, C9-C11, C10-C12, C12-C14, C13-C15, C14-C16, and C15-C17) and siloxanes.

Table 6.

Collection efficiency calculated including the measured vapor phase.

Impactor	Parameter	Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)			Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
Impactor	Parameter	Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3
Mini MOUDI^™	Device mass loss (mg)	20.60	23.30	17.40	23.80	22.20	23.40
	Mass collected (mg)*	16.30	18.00	13.40	19.00	17.60	19.40
	Calculated mass of volatiles (mg)	1.08	0.62	1.24	0.68	0.08	0.96
	Recovery efficiency (%) ^a	84.4	79.9	84.1	82.7	79.6	87.0
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
		Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 4	Replicate 5	Replicate 6
ELPI^®+	Device mass loss (mg)	116.8	122.0	185.5	201.2	65.1	155.4
	Mass collected (mg)*	73.4 – 183.4	72.9 – 169.1	95.1 – 282.4	107.2 – 318.2	38.1 – 86.2	84.8 – 221.6
	Calculated mass range of volatiles (mg)	0.06 – 0.16	0.04 – 0.1	0.07 – 0.21	0.12 – 0.36	0.09 – 0.19	0.07 – 0.19
	Recovery efficiency range (%)	62.9 – 157.2	59.8 – 138.7	51.3 – 152.4	53.3 – 158.3	58.7 – 132.7	54.6 – 142.7
	Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
		Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 4	Replicate 5	Replicate 6
	Device mass loss (mg)	96.5	71.9	113.7	34.2	43.4	89.1
	Mass collected (mg)*	54.3 – 124.2	46.8 – 99.9	70.5 – 164.7	23.7 – 45.0	29.9 – 58.3	56.1 – 119.7
	Calculated mass range of volatiles (mg)	0.06 – 0.13	0.10 – 0.21	0.14 – 0.33	0.06 – 0.11	0.08 – 0.16	0.20 – 0.43
	Recovery efficiency range (%)	56.3 – 128.8	65.1 – 139.2	67.2 – 145.1	69.5 – 131.9	69.1 – 134.7	63.2 – 134.8

* Measured on each stage and final filter of Mini MOUDI™ and only on each stage of ELPI^®+ based upon percent of puff sampled.

a Revised mean collection efficiency including calculated volatiles for Mango 5.0% = 84.5 ± 3.2% and for Mint 5.0% = 81.6 ± 7.7%.

Correlation of ELPI^®+ measured MMAD and puff dilution ratio (values from Tables 1 and 2).

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509 (formerly 1612-9237)

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Language: English, French, German

Page range: 113 - 126

Submitted on: Apr 7, 2023

Accepted on: Aug 17, 2023

Published on: Sep 28, 2023

Published by: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Electronic nicotine delivery systems,

ENDS,

particle size distribution,

vapor phase

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Life sciences, other

© 2023 Michael J. Oldham, Lena Jeong, Adam Ozvald, I. Gene Gillman, published by Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

Volume 32 (2023): Issue 3 (July 2023)

Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

Figure 2.

Paradigm

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