Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors

Oldham, Michael J.; Jeong, Lena; Ozvald, Adam; Gene Gillman, I.

Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

Volume 32 (2023): Issue 3 (July 2023)

By:

Michael J. Oldham, Lena Jeong, Adam Ozvald and I. Gene Gillman

Open Access

|Sep 2023

Figures & Tables

ELPI®+ custom dilution system consisting of two 3/8″ diameter Swagelock® stainless steel “Y”s with airflow connections.

Correlation of ELPI®+ measured MMAD and puff dilution ratio (values from Tables 1 and 2).

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Recovery Efficiency Calculations_

Product	Replicate	Impactor
		Mini MOUDI™			ELPI^®+
		MMAD (μm)	GSD	Recovery %	MMAD (μm)	GSD	Recovery range (%) ^a
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	0.83	1.48	79.1	1.13	1.69	62.9 – 157.0
	2	0.90	1.54	77.3	1.13	1.69	59.8 – 138.6
	3	0.78	1.46	77.0	1.14	1.67	51.3 – 152.2
	4	NP	NP	NP	1.17	1.67	53.3 – 158.1
	5	NP	NP	NP	0.98	1.66	59.4 – 132.4
	6	NP	NP	NP	1.21	1.72	54.6 – 142.6
	Mean ± SD	0.84 ± 0.06	1.49 ± 0.04	77.8 ± 1.1	1.13 ± 0.08	1.68 ± 0.02	56.8 ± 4.5 – 146.8 ± 10.5
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	1.04	1.50	79.8	1.04	1.65	56.2 – 128.7
	2	1.10	1.40	79.3	0.96	1.58	65.0 – 139.0
	3	1.02	1.48	82.9	1.09	1.66	62.0 – 144.9
	4	NP	NP	NP	0.81	1.62	69.4 – 130.6
	5	NP	NP	NP	0.85	1.65	68.8 – 134.2
	6	NP	NP	NP	1.07	1.67	63.0 – 134.3
	Mean ± SD	1.05 ± 0.4	1.46 ± 0.05	80.7 ± 1.9	0.97 ± 0.12	1.64 ± 0.03	64.1 ± 4.9 – 135.3 ± 5.9

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the ELPI®+ Impactor_ Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all six replicate samples_

Product	Chemical	CAS #	Mean ± SD (μg/collection)	Collected aerosol (μg/mg)
Quantitative analysis ELPI^®+
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	9.5 ± 2.9	0.07 ± 0.03
	1,3-Butadiene ^b	106-99-0	0.02	0.00014
	Tetrahydrofuran	109-99-9	0.0147 ± 0.0006	0.0001 ± 0.000004
	2-Methyl-1-propanol ^c	78-83-1	0.0009 ± 0.0001	0.000006 ± 0.0000007
	Methyl tertiary butyl ether ^f	1634-04-4	0.021 ± 0.027	0.00015 ± 0.00019
	trans 1,2-Dichloroethene ^c	156-60-5	0.007 ± 0.001	0.00005 ± 0.000007
	1,2-Dichloroethane ^b	107-06-2	0.0065 ± 0.0005	0.000046 ± 0.000035
	Bromodichloromethane ^b	75-27-4	0.007	0.00005
	Styrene ^b	100-42-5	0.005	0.000035
	Bromoform ^b	75-25-2	0.009	0.00006
	1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene ^b	108-67-8	0.006	0.000043
	p-Isopropyltoluene ^b	99-87-6	0.005	0.000035
	Ethylmethacrylate ^c	97-63-2	0.006 ± 0.002	0.0000436 ± 0.000014
	Trichloroethene ^b	79-01-2	0.007	0.00005
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	15.5 ± 7.6	0.21 ± 0.1
	1,3-Butadiene ^b	106-99-0	0.03	0.0004
	Tetrahydrofuran	109-99-9	0.023 ± 0.014	0.0003 ± 0.0002
	trans 1,2-Dichloroethene ^c	156-60-5	0.014 ± 0.006	0.0002 ± 0.00008
	Styrene ^b	100-42-5	0.009	0.00012
	1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene ^b	108-67-8	0.005	0.000067
	p-Isopropyltoluene	99-87-6	0.027 ± 0.005	0.00036 ± 0.000067
	Tetrachloroethene ^c	127-18-4	0.0135 ± 0.0065	0.00018 ± 0.000087
	Diethyl ether ^b	60-29-7	0.06	0.0008
	Naphthalene ^c	91-20-3	0.0075 ± 0.0005	0.0001 ± 0.000007
	1,2-Dichloroethane ^b	107-06-2	0.008	0.00011
	Bromodichloromethane ^b	75-27-4	0.007	0.00009
Semi-quantitative analysis ELPI^®+
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight) ^f	2-Methyl-1-propene ^b	115-11-7	0.1	0.0007
	1-Propanol ^b	71-23-8	0.3	0.002
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	1.08 ± 0.46	0.008 ± 0.003
	Menthone ^f	89-80-5	0.138 ± 0.057	0.001 ± 0.0002
	Ethylbutyrate	105-54-4	2.62 ± 1.58	0.02 ± 0.1
	Limonene or d-limonene	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.3 ± 0.17	0.002 ± 0.001
	Decanoic acid ^e	334-48-5	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
	Noanaoic acid ^e	112-05-0	0.125 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	2-Pentanone	107-87-9	0.182 ± 0.078	0.001 ± 0.0006
	Propanal ^e	123-38-6	0.15 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.0004
	2-Methylpentane ^e	107-83-5	0.12 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	tert-Butanol ^b	75-65-0	0.1	0.0007
	Methyl vinyl ketone ^d	78-94-4	0.17 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.0004
	4-Methyloctane	2216-34-4	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
	Heptanal	111-71-7	0.183 ± 0.075	0.0013 ± 0.0005
	Ethylhexanoate ^e	123-66-0	0.125 ± 0.05	0.0009 ± 0.0004
	Acetic acid ^b	64-19-7	0.1	0.0007
	Diethylene glycol ^c	11-46-6	0.15 ± 0.05	0.001 ± 0.0004
	3-Methylbutanol ^b	590-86-3	0.09	0.0006
	Hexamethylchclotrisiloxane ^c	541-05-9	0.1 ± 0.0	0.0007 ± 0.0
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight) ^f	Limonene or d-limonene ^c	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.2 ± 0.0	0.0027 ± 0.0
	Heptane ^b	142-82-5	0.095 ± 0.005	0.001 ± 0.0001
	Propanal ^b	123-38-6	0.1	0.001
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	6.25 ± 3.71	0.084 ± 0.05
	Menthone	89-80-5	1.82 ± 0.78	0.024 ± 0.01
	Eucalyptol	470-82-6	0.72 ± 0.19	0.01 ± 0.003
	Benzaldehyde ^c	100-52-7	0.15 ± 0.05	0.002 ± 0.0007
	4-methyloctane ^e	2216-34-4	0.2 ± 0.0	0.003 ± 0.0
	2-Methyl-1-propene ^d	115-11-7	0.17 ± 0.12	0.0023 ± 0.0016
	Trimethylsilanol ^d	1066-40-6	0.1 ± 0.0	0.001 ± 0.0
	2-Methylpentane ^c	107-83-5	0.2 ± 0.14	0.003 ± 0.002
	tert-Butanol ^e	75-65-0	0.15 ± 0.06	0.002 ± 0.0008
	Methyl vinyl ketone ^d	78-94-4	0.2 ± 0.1	0.003 ± 0.001
	2-Pentanone	107-87-9	0.2 ± 0.1	0.003 ± 0.001
	Heptanal ^e	111-71-7	0.3 ± 0.2	0.004 ± 0.003
	Acetic acid ^e	64-19-7	0.12 ± 0.5	0.002 ± 0.007
	Hexamethylchclotrisiloxane ^d	541-05-9	0.097 ± 0.006	0.013 ± 0.0001
	Chlorodifluormethane ^b	75-45-6	0.1	0.001
	1,1-Difluoroethane ^b	75-37-6	0.4	0.005
	Nonanoic acid ^c	112-05-0	0.45 ± 0.15	0.006 ± 0.002
	2-Methyl-2-propenal ^b	78-85-3	0.4	0.005
	2-Hexanone ^b	591-52-4	0.1	0.001
	Pentanoic acid ^b	109-52-4	0.1	0.001
	3-Octanol ^b	589-98-0	0.2	0.003
	Heptanoic acid ^b	111-14-8	0.1	0.001
	Triacetin ^b	102-76-1	0.1	0.001

ELPI®+ dilution system measurements and calculations_

Product	Replicate	Set by mass flow controller		Measured		Calculations
Product	Replicate	ELPI^®+ flowrate (L/min)	Zero air dilution (L/min)	Laboratory air entering dilution system (L/min)	Puff volume (cm³)	Range of percent of puff sampled by ELPI^®+ ^a	Puff dilution ratio ^b
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	9.859	9.829	0.030	55.4	5.1 – 12.8	329
	2	9.826	9.792	0.034	55.6	5.8 – 13.4	289
	3	9.817	9.794	0.023	55.6	3.9 – 11.6	427
	4	9.913	9.890	0.023	55.6	3.9 – 11.6	431
	5	9.915	9.878	0.037	55.6	6.3 – 14.0	268
	6	9.939	9.911	0.028	55.4	4.8 – 12.5	355
	Mean ± SD	9.878 ± 0.051	9.840 ± 0.065	0.029 ± 0.006	55.5 ± 0.1	6.0 ± 1.0 – 12.7 ± 1.0	350 ± 68
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	1	9.912	9.977	0.035	55.4	6.0 – 13.7	283
	2	9.952	9.913	0.039	55.4	6.7 – 14.3	255
	3	9.962	9.928	0.034	55.5	5.8 – 13.5	293
	4	9.959	9.908	0.051	55.2	8.7 – 16.5	195
	5	9.961	9.914	0.047	55.6	8.0 – 15.6	212
	6	10.024	9.984	0.040	55.6	6.8 – 14.5	251
	Mean ± SD	9.962 ± 0.036	9.937 ± 0.034	0.041 ± 0.007	55.5 ± 0.2	7.0 ± 1.1 – 14.7 ± 1.2	248 ± 39

Chemicals identified in impactor air blank samples_

Mini MOUDI™				ELPI^®+
Quantitative		Semi-quantitative		Quantitative		Semi-quantitative
Chemical	Quantity (ng)	Chemical	Quantity (ng)	Chemical	Quantity (μg)	Chemical	Quantity (μg)
Acetone	77	Diethylene glycol	100	Acetone*	5.9	Propylene + propane	0.3
Methylene chloride	22	C6-C8 Hydrocarbon	230	Methylene chloride *	14	Dichlorodifluoro methane	0.1
Hexane	11	Acetic acid	130	Hexane	1.4	Isobutane	0.2
Acetonitrile	59			Acetonitrile	0.1	Butane	0.4
Ethylacetate	7.8			Ethylacetate	0.05	Acetaldehyde	0.9
Carbon disulfide	15			Carbon Disulfide	0.9	2-Methylbutane	0.7
				Ethanol	0.4	Trichlorofluoro methane	0.4
				Toluene	0.1	Pentane	0.4
				1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane	0.09	Isoprene	0.4
				Isopropanol	1.2	3-Methylpentane	0.3
				Carbon tetrachloride	0.04	2-Methyl-2-propenal	0.2
				Isopropylbenzene	0.06	Methylcyclopentane	0.4
				Cyclohexane	0.02	Butanal	0.09
				Isooctane	0.3	Methyl ethyl ketone	0.1
				Chloroform	0.05	Pentanal	0.1
				Benzene	0.04	Propylene glycol	0.4
				4-Methyl-2-pentanone	0.006	Hexanal	0.2
				m,p-Xylene	0.03	α-Pinene	0.1
				o-Xylene	0.02	Octanal	0.1
				1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	0.009	Nonanal	0.3
				Ethylbenzene	0.007	Decanal	0.4
				Naphthalene	0.006	Undecanal	0.1
				Diethyl ether*	5.9	Tetradecane	0.2
						Dodecanal	0.1
						Pentadecane	0.1
						2-Dodecanone	0.3
						2-Tridecanone	0.4
						2,6-Ditertbutylphenol	0.1
						Siloxane	0.1
						C13-C15 Hydrocarbon	0.1
						C15-C17 Hydrocarbon	0.1

Collection efficiency calculated including the measured vapor phase_

Impactor	Parameter	Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)			Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
Impactor	Parameter	Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3
Mini MOUDI^™	Device mass loss (mg)	20.60	23.30	17.40	23.80	22.20	23.40
	Mass collected (mg)*	16.30	18.00	13.40	19.00	17.60	19.40
	Calculated mass of volatiles (mg)	1.08	0.62	1.24	0.68	0.08	0.96
	Recovery efficiency (%) ^a	84.4	79.9	84.1	82.7	79.6	87.0
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
		Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 4	Replicate 5	Replicate 6
ELPI^®+	Device mass loss (mg)	116.8	122.0	185.5	201.2	65.1	155.4
	Mass collected (mg)*	73.4 – 183.4	72.9 – 169.1	95.1 – 282.4	107.2 – 318.2	38.1 – 86.2	84.8 – 221.6
	Calculated mass range of volatiles (mg)	0.06 – 0.16	0.04 – 0.1	0.07 – 0.21	0.12 – 0.36	0.09 – 0.19	0.07 – 0.19
	Recovery efficiency range (%)	62.9 – 157.2	59.8 – 138.7	51.3 – 152.4	53.3 – 158.3	58.7 – 132.7	54.6 – 142.7
	Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)
		Replicate 1	Replicate 2	Replicate 3	Replicate 4	Replicate 5	Replicate 6
	Device mass loss (mg)	96.5	71.9	113.7	34.2	43.4	89.1
	Mass collected (mg)*	54.3 – 124.2	46.8 – 99.9	70.5 – 164.7	23.7 – 45.0	29.9 – 58.3	56.1 – 119.7
	Calculated mass range of volatiles (mg)	0.06 – 0.13	0.10 – 0.21	0.14 – 0.33	0.06 – 0.11	0.08 – 0.16	0.20 – 0.43
	Recovery efficiency range (%)	56.3 – 128.8	65.1 – 139.2	67.2 – 145.1	69.5 – 131.9	69.1 – 134.7	63.2 – 134.8

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the Mini MOUDI™ Impactor_ Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all three replicate samples_

Product	Chemical	CAS #	Amount (Mean ± SD)
Product	Chemical	CAS #	Measured (μg/sorbent tube)	Calculated for entire sampled volume (μg)	Collected aerosol (μg/mg)
Quantitative analysis Mini MOUDI™
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	65.5 ± 21.1	1310 ± 422	77.6 ± 25.0
	Ethanol	64-17-5	38.2 ± 13.3	764 ± 266	45.2 ± 15.8
	Isopropanol	67-63-0	0.076 ± 0.015	1.52 ± 0.3	0.09 ± 0.02
	Toluene	108-88-3	0.007 ± 0.001	0.14 ± 0.02	0.008 ± 0.001
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Total amount ^a	NA	34.8 ± 23.6	696 ± 472	36.2 ± 24.5
	Ethanol ^b	64-17-5	0.05	1.0	0.05
	Isopropanol ^c	67-63-0	0.08 ± 0.02	1.6 ± 0.4	0.08 ± 0.02
	p-Isopropyltoluene ^c	99-87-6	0.007 ± 0.001	0.14 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.02
	Benzene ^b	71-43-2	0.008	0.16	0.008
	Toluene ^b	108-88-3	0.008	0.16	0.008
	m,p-Xylene ^b	108-38-3 or 106-42-3	0.02	0.4	0.02
Semi-quantitative analysis Mini MOUDI™
Mango 5.0% (nicotine by weight)	Propylene glycol	57-55-6	27.5 ± 11.9	550 ± 238	32.6 ± 14.1
	Nicotine	54-11-5	0.17 ± 0.12	3.4 ± 2.4	0.2 ± 0.1
	Menthol	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	0.098 ± 0.004	1.96 ± 0.08	0.116 ± 0.005
	Acetaldehyde	75-07-0	0.83 ± 0.12	16.6 ± 2.4	0.98 ± 0.14
	Ethylbutyrate	105-54-4	0.35 ± 0.1	7.0 ± 2.0	0.41 ± 0.12
	Methylcyclopentane ^c	96-37-7	0.145 ± 0.078	2.90 ± 1.56	0.17 ± 0.09
	Limonene or d-limonene	138-86-3 or 5989-27-5	0.182 ± 0.045	3.64 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 0.05
	Decanal^c	112-31-2	0.15 ± 0.06	3.0 ± 1.2	0.18 ± 0.07
	3-Methylpentane ^b	96-14-0	0.2	4.0	0.24
	Linalool ^c	78-70-6	0.09 ± 0.01	1.8 ± 0.2	0.11 ± 0.01
	Nonanal ^b	124-19-6	0.09	1.8	0.11
	3-Hexen-1-ol	544-12-7	0.53 ± 0.18	10.6 ± 3.6	0.62 ± 0.21
	Allyl hexanoate ^b	123-68-2	0.088 ± 0.013	1.76 ± 0.26	0.1 ± 0.02
	2-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazole ^b	13739-48-5	0.043 ± 0.012	0.86 ± 0.24	0.051 ± 0.014
Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight)*	Propylene glycol	57-55-6	20.1 ± 16.8	402 ± 336	20.9 ± 17.5
	Nicotine ^c	54-11-5	0.15 ± 0.13	3.0 ± 2.6	0.16 ± 0.14
	Acetol ^c	116-09-6	0.07	0.05 – 0.09	0.003 – 0.005
	Acetaldehyde ^b	75-07-0	0.8	1.6	0.083
	3-Octanol ^b	589-98-0	0.05	1.0	0.052
	Decanal ^c	112-31-2	0.2 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 2.0	0.21 ± 0.1
	Eucalyptol ^c	470-82-6	0.28 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 2.0	0.29 ± 0.1
	Menthone ^c	89-80-5	0.67 ± 0.39	13.4 ± 7.8	0.7 ± 0.4
	Menthol ^c	89-78-1 or 1490-04-6	5.4 ± 3.5	108 ± 70	5.6 ± 3.6
	Menthyl acetate ^c	89-48-5	0.11 ± 0.06	2.2 ± 1.2	0.11 ± 0.06
	Benzyl alcohol ^c	100-51-6	0.09 ± 0.01	1.8 ± 0.2	0.094 ± 0.01
	Nonanal ^b	124-19-6	0.3	6.0	0.3
	1,1-Difluorethane	75-37-6	4.0	0.09 – 8.0	0.005 – 0.42
	2-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazole ^c	13739-48-5	0.045	0.04 – 0.05	0.002 – 0.003
	Nerylacetone ^b	3879-26-3	0.09	1.8	0.09

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 113 - 126

Submitted on: Apr 7, 2023

Accepted on: Aug 17, 2023

Published on: Sep 28, 2023

Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 times per year

Keywords:

Electronic nicotine delivery systems,

ENDS,

particle size distribution,

vapor phase

Related subjects:

General interest,

Life sciences,

Life sciences, other,

Physics,

Physics, other

© 2023 Michael J. Oldham, Lena Jeong, Adam Ozvald, I. Gene Gillman, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

Previous article Volume 32 (2023): Issue 3 (July 2023)

Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Recovery Efficiency Calculations_

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the ELPI®+ Impactor_ Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all six replicate samples_

ELPI®+ dilution system measurements and calculations_

Chemicals identified in impactor air blank samples_

Collection efficiency calculated including the measured vapor phase_

Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of vapor phase constituents from the Mini MOUDI™ Impactor_ Unless otherwise noted chemicals listed were found in all three replicate samples_

Paradigm

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