Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Patterns of Digital Development in European Union Countries: Cluster Analysis Approach Cover

Patterns of Digital Development in European Union Countries: Cluster Analysis Approach

By:   
Open Access
|Oct 2026
Read online

References

  1. Bánhidi, Z., Dobos, I., & Nemeslaki, A. (2020). What the overall Digital Economy and Society Index reveals: A statistical analysis of the DESI EU28 dimensions. Regional Statistics, 10(2), 42–62. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS100209
  2. Bzhalava, L., Hassan, S. S., Kaivo-oja, J., Olsson, B. K., & Imran, J. (2022). Mapping the wave of industry digitalization by co-word analysis: An exploration of four disruptive industries. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 19(2), Article 2250001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877022500018
  3. Dyba, W., & Di Maria, E. (2024). Assessment and support of the digitalization of businesses in Europe during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(1), Article 12717. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12717
  4. European Commission. (2022). Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022
  5. Ferreira, J. J. M., Fernandes, C. I., & Ferreira, F. A. F. (2019). To be or not to be digital, that is the question: Firm innovation and performance. Journal of Business Research, 101, 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.013
  6. Fu, T., & Li, J. (2023). An empirical analysis of the impact of ESG on financial performance: The moderating role of digital transformation. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, Article 1256052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1256052
  7. Huňady, J., Pisár, P., Khawaja, S., & Qureshi, F. H. (2024). The digital transformation of European Union countries before and during COVID-19. Business Systems Research Journal, 15(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2024-0002
  8. Ketchen, D. J., Jr., & Shook, C. L. (1996). The application of cluster analysis in strategic management research: An analysis and critique. Strategic Management Journal, 17(6), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199606)17:6%3C441::AID-SMJ819%3E3.0.CO;2-G
  9. Kraus, S., Jones, P., Kailer, N., Weinmann, A., Chaparro-Banegas, N., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Digital transformation: An overview of the current state of the art of research. SAGE Open, 11(3), Article 21582440211047576. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576
  10. Matt, C., Hess, T., & Benlian, A. (2015). Digital transformation strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5
  11. Moraliyska, M. (2024). The digital divide in the European Union in 2021. Economic Alternatives, (2), 384–400. https://doi.org/10.37075/EA.2024.2.09
  12. Nieminen, P. (2022). Application of standardized regression coefficient in meta-analysis. BioMedInformatics, 2(3), 434–458. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedinformatics2030028
  13. Obelovska, K., Abziatov, A., Doroshenko, A., Dronyuk, I., Liskevych, O., & Liskevych, R. (2025). Analysis of digital skills and infrastructure in EU countries based on DESI 2024 data. Future Internet, 17(6), Article 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060228
  14. OECD. (2021). The digital transformation of SMEs. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bdb9256a-en
  15. Olokundun, M., Ogbari, M. E., Falola, H., & Ibidunni, A. S. (2022). Leveraging 5G network for digital innovation in small and medium enterprises: A conceptual review. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), Article 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00181-5
  16. Pejić Bach, M., Kamenjarska, T., & Žmuk, B. (2022). Targets of phishing attacks: The bigger fish to fry. Procedia Computer Science, 204, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.08.055
  17. Pejić-Bach, M., & Marić, J. (2025). Unlocking artificial intelligence for all: Navigating the complexities of the artificial intelligence digital divide. In J. Paliszkiewicz, I. Dąbrowski, & L. Halawi (Eds.), Trust in generative artificial intelligence: Human-robot interaction and ethical considerations (pp. 36–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003586937-5
  18. Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
  19. Sevgi, H. (2021). Analysis of the digital economy and society index (DESI) through a cluster analysis. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 37–51. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.863961
  20. van der Maaten, L., & Hinton, G. (2008). Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 2579–2605. https://jmlr.org/papers/v9/vandermaaten08a.html
  21. Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003
Language: English
Page range: 15 - 28
Submitted on: Jul 13, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 5, 2025
Published online: Oct 25, 2026
Published in print: Oct 1, 2026
Published by: Međimurje University of Applied Sciences in Čakovec
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2026 Ivan Jajić, published by Međimurje University of Applied Sciences in Čakovec
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.