Patterns of Digital Development in European Union Countries: Cluster Analysis Approach

This study focuses on the digital development of European Union Member States. The analysis was conducted using 2022 Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) data and covered three key areas: the basic digitalisation of business, the adoption of advanced online activities, and the availability of 5G network infrastructure. The results show that most Member States have achieved a high level of basic digitalisation. At the same time, the use of advanced solutions, such as cloud computing and e-commerce, remains relatively limited. Particularly noteworthy is that the indicators are less strongly associated than might be expected. For example, countries with well-developed 5G infrastructure do not necessarily make greater use of advanced technologies. Cluster analysis divided the countries into three groups distinguished by different combinations of infrastructure development and the adoption of digital tools. The findings suggest that digital transformation is not linear, but a complex mix of technological, organisational, and cultural factors. The study highlights the importance of coordinated policies that support not only investment in infrastructure but also the development of digital skills and innovative business models.