Performance Characteristics Of The Cryptographic Algorithm Crystals-Dilithium
By: Kire Jakimoski and Blashko Palitov
References
- Chen, Y. N., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., 2023, December. Low latency implementations of CRYSTALS-Dilithium for cloud applications. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing & Communications, Data Science & Systems, Smart City & Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys), pp 679–686. IEEE.
- Bos, J. W., Renes, J., Sprenkels, A., 2022. Dilithium for memory constrained devices. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2022/1234.
- Demir, A., Kaya, M., Özdemir, S., 2025. Performance analysis and industry deployment of post-quantum cryptography algorithms. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering (forthcoming).
- Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., Stehlé, D., 2018a. CRYSTALS-Dilithium: A lattice-based digital signature scheme. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, pp 238–268.
- Ducas, L., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., Stehlé, D., 2018b. CRYSTALS-Dilithium: Digital signatures from module lattices. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (TCHES), 2018(1), pp 238–268.
- Freemindtronic, 2024. Quantum threats to encryption: RSA, AES & ECC defense. Freemindtronic SAS.
- Gitonga, C. K., 2025. The impact of quantum computing on cryptographic systems. Journal of Information Security Research, 14(2), pp 45–59.
- Land, G., Sasdrich, P., Güneysu, T, 2021, November. A hard crystal – implementing Dilithium on reconfigurable hardware. In International Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications, pp 210–230. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Li, X., Lu, J., Liu, D., Li, A., Yang, S., Huang, T., 2023. A high speed post-quantum cryptoprocessor for CRYSTALS-Dilithium. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 71(1), pp 435–439.
- Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., 2025. Efficient side-channel attack on Dilithium. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2025/567.
- Lyubashevsky, V., Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., Stehlé, D., Bai, S., 2020. CRYSTALS-Dilithium. Algorithm Specifications and Supporting Documentation, 2.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 2024. FIPS 204: Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard. U.S. Department of Commerce.
- NATO, 2024. NATO Interoperability Standards and Profiles (NISP). NATO Communications and Information Agency.
- NATO, 2025. NATO Cryptographic Key Management Conformance Tool. NATO Standardization Office.
- Türe, N. D., Cenk, M., 2024, June. Efficient batch post-quantum signatures with CRYSTALS-Dilithium. In International Workshop on the Arithmetic of Finite Fields, pp 237–257. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
- Vidaković, M., Miličević, K., 2023. Performance and applicability of post-quantum digital signature algorithms in resource-constrained environments. International Journal of Information Security, 22(4), pp 321–338.
- Zhou, Z., He, D., Liu, Z., Luo, M., Choo, K. K. R., 2021. A software/hardware co-design of CRYSTALS-Dilithium signature scheme. ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS), 14(2), pp 1–21.
Language: English, Slovenian
Page range: 29 - 48
Published on: Jul 2, 2026
Published by: General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Kire Jakimoski, Blashko Palitov, published by General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.