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Test results (precomputed hash of 500MB file size)
| Algorithm | Key generation (s) | Signing (hash) (s) | Verification (hash) (s) | Total time (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dilithium-2 | 0.0207 | 0.1091 | 0.0209 | 7.4836 |
| Dilithium-3 | 0.0296 | 0.1251 | 0.0274 | 7.6476 |
| Dilithium-5 | 0.0431 | 0.1741 | 0.0395 | 8.8096 |
Comparison between Dilithium, Falcon and SPHINCS+
| Scheme | Security Levels (NIST) | Public Key Size (approx.) | Signature Size (approx.) | Performance & Implementation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dilithium | Levels 2, 3, 5 | 1.3–2.6 KB | 2.4–4.6 KB | Balanced efficiency and security; relatively simple to implement; resistant to sidechannel attacks with proper countermeasures |
| Falcon | Levels 1,5 | 0.9–1.8 KB | 0.7–1.3 KB | Very compact signatures; high efficiency; requires floatingpoint arithmetic, complicating secure hardware/software implementation |
| SPHINC S+ | Levels 1, 3, 5 | 32–64 B | 8–30 KB | Conservative, hash-based design; stateless; very large signatures and slower performance, but strong long-term security assurances |
Test Results)
| File | Variant | Operation | Time (s) | CPU (%) | RAM (MB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 MB.zip | Dilithium-2 | Key generation | 0.0231 | 11.42 | 16.64 |
| Signing | 0.0879 | 22.47 | 17.21 | ||
| Verification | 0.0368 | 15.60 | 16.67 | ||
| Dilithium-3 | Key generation | 0.0382 | 15.23 | 16.67 | |
| Signing | 0.1265 | 23.20 | 17.55 | ||
| Verification | 0.0451 | 17.60 | 16.66 | ||
| Dilithium-5 | Key generation | 0.0533 | 18.29 | 16.66 | |
| Signing | 0.1517 | 22.62 | 17.93 | ||
| Verification | 0.0534 | 19.25 | 16.67 | ||
| 100 MB.zip | Dilithium-2 | Key generation | 0.0207 | 12.85 | 15.69 |
| Signing | 0.8276 | 22.47 | 116.33 | ||
| Verification | 0.7678 | 29.23 | 23.90 | ||
| Dilithium-3 | Key generation | 0.0308 | 15.15 | 15.70 | |
| Signing | 0.8709 | 24.25 | 116.33 | ||
| Verification | 0.7765 | 27.68 | 64.51 | ||
| Dilithium-5 | Key generation | 0.0448 | 18.32 | 15.70 | |
| Signing | 0.8978 | 24.94 | 116.54 | ||
| Verification | 0.7877 | 23.19 | 114.74 | ||
| 1000 MB.zip | Dilithium-2 | Key generation | 0.0214 | 10.75 | 15.76 |
| Signing | 7.6172 | 29.51 | 1026.06 | ||
| Verification | 7.5419 | 29.29 | 909.49 | ||
| Dilithium-3 | Key generation | 0.0308 | 13.51 | 15.74 | |
| Signing | 7.6286 | 29.49 | 1020.07 | ||
| Verification | 7.5481 | 28.70 | 968.30 | ||
| Dilithium-5 | Key generation | 0.0462 | 17.14 | 15.76 | |
| Signing | 7.6722 | 29.51 | 1026.08 | ||
| Verification | 7.5661 | 28.01 | 1048.59 |