References
- Afshari, A., & Kowal, J. (2017). Decision-Making Methods for the Selection of an ICT Project Manager. Economy Market Education, 18(4), 19–28.
- Aggarwal, K., Agarwal, A., Jaiswal, N., Dahiya, N., Ahuja, A., Mahajan, S., Tong, L., Duggal, M., Singh, M., & Agrawal, R. (2020). Ocular Surface Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 15(11), Article e0241661.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241661 - Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2021). Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 215–222.
https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134 - Akat, M., & Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Society and its Reflections on Education. Peter Lang.
- Akin, L., & Gözel, M. G. (2020). Understanding the Dynamics of Pandemics. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(9), 515–519.
https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2004-133 - Akl, E. A., Khabsa, J., Iannizzi, C., Piechotta, V., Kahale, L. A., Barker, J. M., & Skoetz, N. (2024). Extension of the PRISMA 2020 Statement for Living Systematic Reviews (PRISMA-LSR): Checklist and Explanation. BMJ, 387, e079719.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-079719 - Alwabel, A. A., & Alsuhibany, S. A. (2022). Evaluating Secure Methodology for Photo Sharing in Online Social Networks. Applied Sciences, 12(23), 11889.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311889 - Amin, S. (2020). Why Ignore the Dark Side of Social Media? The Role of Social Media in Spreading Coronavirus Fear and Impacting Psychological Well-Being. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 22(1), 29–38.
https://doi.org/10.32604/IJMHP.2020.011120 - Amiot, C. (2024). Digital Reflections: The Effects of Zoom Self-View on Young Adults’ Mental Health (Publication No. 31234567) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
- Aytekin, A., Ayaz, R., & Ayaz, A. (2024). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life: A Comprehensive Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis. Health Care Analysis. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-024-00483-1 - Babich, O., Sukhikh, S., Prosekov, A., Asyakina, L., & Ivanova, S. (2020). Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity During a Pandemic. Pharmaceuticals, 13(10), 313.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13100313 - Backlinko Team. (2024). WhatsApp User Statistics 2024: How Many People Use WhatsApp? Backlinko. Retrieved January 11, 2025, from
https://backlinko.com/whatsapp-users - Bailey, A., & Osei-Bryson, K.-M. (2018). Contextual Reflections on Innovations in an Interconnected World: Theoretical Lenses and Practical Considerations in ICT4D. Information Technology for Development, 24(3), 423–428.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2018.1482366 - Bassell, K. (2010). Social Media and the Implications for Nursing Faculty Mentoring: A Review of the Literature. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 5(4), 143–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2010.07.005 - Billah, M. A., Miah, M. M., & Khan, M. N. (2020). Reproductive Number of Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Global-Level Evidence. PLOS ONE, 15(11), Article e0242128.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242128 - Billings, A. C., Qiao, F., Conlin, L., & Nie, T. (2017). Permanently Desiring the Temporary? Snapchat, Social Media, and the Shifting Motivations of Sports Fans. Communication & Sport, 5(1), 10–26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479515595502 - Boers, E., Afzali, M. H., Newton, N., & Conrod, P. (2019). Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(9), 853–859.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759 - Bouchrika, I. (2024, July 15). 50 Current Student Stress Statistics: 2024 Data, Analysis & Predictions. Research.com. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from
https://research.com/education/student-stress-statistics - Brenner, M. H., & Bhugra, D. (2020). Acceleration of Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide: Secondary Effects of Economic Disruption Related to COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 592467.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592467 - Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce it: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 - Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 - Cash-Gibson, L., Rojas-Gualdrón, D. F., Pericàs, J. M., & Benach, J. (2018). Inequalities in Global Health Inequalities Research: A 50-Year Bibliometric Analysis (1966–2015). PLOS ONE, 13(1), Article e0191901.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191901 - Chaffey, D. (2025, January 1). Global Social Media Statistics Research Summary 2025. Smart Insights. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/ - Cheok, A. D., Edirisinghe, C., & Shrestha, M. L. (2024). The Rise of Machines: Future of Work in the Age of AI. CRC Press.
- China Gravy. (2024). What is Sina Weibo? Know Your Chinese Social Media! Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://chinagravy.com/what-is-sina-weibo/ - ChinaFY. (2025a). China Tech 101: Kuaishou. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.chinafy.com/china-tech/what-is-kuaishou-and-how-to-get-started - ChinaFY. (2025b). China Tech 101: QQ. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from
https://www.chinafy.com/china-tech/what-is-qq-and-how-to-get-started - Choi, D.-H. (2021). The Multifaceted Impact of Social Media on Risk, Behavior, and Negative Emotions During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea. Asian Journal of Communication, 31(5), 337–354.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2021.1969634 - Cohen, D., & Carter, P. (2010). WHO and the Pandemic Flu ‘Conspiracies’. BMJ, 340, c2912.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2912 - Connell, A. (2025, January 1). 41 Pinterest Statistics for 2025 (latest data). Adam Connell. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from
https://adamconnell.me/pinterest-statistics/ - Cambridge University Press. (2024). Social Media. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved November 16, 2024, from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/social-media - Digital Crew. (2025). Douyin vs. TikTok: A Marketer’s Guide to Key Differences. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.digitalcrew.com.au/blogs-and-insights/douyin-vs-tiktok-a-marketers-guide-to-key-differences/ - Dohle, S., Wingen, T., & Schreiber, M. (2020). Acceptance and Adoption of Protective Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Trust in Politics and Trust in Science. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4315 - Drazkowski, D., Trepanowski, R., Chwilkowska, P., & Majewska, M. (2020). Self-Persuasion Increases Motivation for Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic Through Moral Obligation. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4313 - Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students Under Lockdown: Comparisons of Students’ Social Networks and Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Crisis in Switzerland. PLOS ONE, 15(7), Article e0236337.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337 - Fan, R., Zhao, J., Chen, Y., & Xu, K. (2014). Anger is More Influential Than Joy: Sentiment Correlation in Weibo. PLOS ONE, 9(10), Article e110184.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110184 - Faruk, M. O., Ching, U., & Chowdhury, K. U. A. (2021). Mental Health and Well-Being of Indigenous People During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(7), e07582.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07582 - Fedina, L., Roberto, K. A., Zhang, X., Chang, Y., Love, J., & Herrenkohl, T. I. (2024). Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress, Coping, and Well-Being Among Adults with Histories of Child Maltreatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 94(1), 89–101.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000705 - Fenton, N. (2024). Democratic Delusions: How the Media Hollows out Democracy and What We Can Do About it. John Wiley & Sons.
- Fu, C., & Wakabayashi, D. (2024, April 25). There Is No TikTok in China, but There Is Douyin. Here Is What it Is. The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/25/business/china-tiktok-douyin.html - Gabryelczyk, R. (2020). Has COVID-19 Accelerated Digital Transformation? Initial Lessons Learned for Public Administrations. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 303–309.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2020.1820633 - Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental Health Problems and Social Media Exposure During the COVID-19 Outbreak. PLOS ONE, 15(4), Article e0231924.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924 - Gautam, D. K., & Gautam, P. K. (2024). Stress and Resilience to Migrant Entrepreneur-Managers of Small and Medium Enterprises During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 31(6), 2129–2150.
https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-05-2023-0314 - Geetha, R., Karthika, S., & Kumaraguru, P. (2021). Tweet-Scan-Post: A System for Analysis of Sensitive Private Data Disclosure in Online Social Media. Knowledge and Information Systems, 63(9), 2365–2404.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01593-1 - Glăveanu, V. P., & de Saint Laurent, C. (2021). Social Media Responses to the Pandemic: What Makes a Coronavirus Meme Creative? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 569987.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569987 - Goode, L., & Calore, M. (2024, November 11). Unpacking Mark Zuckerberg’s Midlife Crisis. Wired. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from
https://www.wired.com/story/uncanny-valley-1-mark-zuckerberg-midlife-crisis/ - Greyling, T., Rossouw, S., & Adhikari, T. (2021). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Lockdowns During COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 16(1), Article e0245546.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245546 - Grossman, M. M. (2024, October 15). 15 Surprising TikTok Facts and Statistics. Yellowhead. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.yellowhead.com/blog/tiktok-facts-and-stats/ - Gusenbauer, M. (2019). Google Scholar to Overshadow Them All? Comparing the Sizes of 12 Academic Search Engines and Bibliographic Databases. Scientometrics, 118(1), 177–214.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2958-5 - Halston, A., Iwamoto, D., Junker, M., & Chun, H. (2019). Social Media and Loneliness. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(3), 27–34.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v11n3p27 - Hammad, M. A., & Alqarni, T. M. (2021). Psychosocial Effects of Social Media on the Saudi Society During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLOS ONE, 16(3), Article e0248811.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248811 - Hancock, J., Liu, S. X., Luo, M., & Mieczkowski, H. (2022). Psychological Well-Being and Social Media use: A Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Social Media Use and Depression, Anxiety, Loneliness, Eudaimonic, Hedonic and Social Well-Being [Preprint]. PsyArXiv.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5tqpd - Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing Multiple Roles During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Not Men or Women, but Parents as the Emotional ‘Losers in the Crisis’. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4314 - Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impact on Human History. ABC-CLIO.
- He, M., Ma, C., & Wang, R. (2022). A Data-Driven Approach for University Public Opinion Analysis and its Applications. Applied Sciences, 12(18), 9136.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189136 - Heitzman, J. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health. Psychiatria Polska, 54(2), 187–198.
https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/120373 - Higgins, J. P. (2011). Chapter 8: Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies. In J. P. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.1.0). The Cochrane Collaboration.
http://handbook.cochrane.org - Hudimova, A., Popovych, I., Baidyk, V., Buriak, O., & Kechyk, O. (2021). The Impact of Social Media on Young Web Users’ Psychological Well-Being During the Progression of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 10(39), 50–61.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.39.03.5 - Johnson, B. K., & Ranzini, G. (2018). Click Here to Look Clever: Self-Presentation Via Selective Sharing of Music and Film on Social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 148–158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.008 - Jones, M. (2024, October 28). The Complete History of Social Media: A Timeline of the Invention of Online Networking. History Cooperative. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from
https://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-social-media/ - Jones, R., Mougouei, D., & Evans, S. L. (2021). Understanding the Emotional Response to COVID-19 Information in News and Social Media: A Mental Health Perspective. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(5), 832–842.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.304 - Kaplan, A. M. (2015). Social Media, the Digital Revolution, and the Business of Media. International Journal on Media Management, 17(4), 197–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2015.1120015 - Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 - Karhu, M., Suoheimo, M., & Häkkilä, J. (2021, May). People’s Perspectives on Social Media use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (pp. 123–130).
https://doi.org/10.1145/3490632.3490667 - Karhu, V., Vainikainen, M. P., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2023). Social Media Engagement and Emotional Well-Being During COVID-19 School Closures: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Adolescence, 98, 12–24.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12273 - Kaye, D. B. V., Chen, X., & Zeng, J. (2021). The Co-Evolution of Two Chinese Mobile Short Video Apps: Parallel Platformization of Douyin and TikTok. Mobile Media & Communication, 9(2), 229–253.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157920952120 - Kemp, S. (2019, January 31). Digital 2019: Global Digital Overview. Datareportal. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-global-digital-overview - Kepios. (2025). Global Social Media Statistics. Datareportal. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://datareportal.com/social-media-users - Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(3), 118–121.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680309600304 - Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews (Joint Technical Report No. TR/SE-0401). Keele University.
- Knapp, M., & Wong, G. (2020). Economics and Mental Health: The Current Scenario. World Psychiatry, 19(1), 3–14.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20692 - Koniak, P., & Cwalina, W. (2020). Fear of Coronavirus and Forbid/Allow Asymmetry as Determinants of Acceptance of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Restrictions and Persistence of Attitudes Towards These Regulations. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4312 - Kotola, V. K. (2024). Mental Health in the Workplace: A Cost-Benefit Analysis (Publication No. 31234568) [Master’s thesis, University of Example]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
- Kourti, A., Stavridou, A., Panagouli, E., Psaltopoulou, T., Spiliopoulou, C., Tsolia, M., Sergentanis, T. N., & Tsitsika, A. (2023). Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 719–745.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211038690 - Kowal, J., & Paliwoda-Pękosz, G. (2017). ICT for Global Competitiveness and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: Economic, Cultural, and Social Innovations for Human Capital in Transition Economies. In Proceedings of the 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (pp. 1205–1208). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.15439/2017F241 - Kowal, J., Klebaniuk, J., Olejnik, K., & Weichbroth, P. (2024). Theoretical Model of the Interaction Between Pandemic-Related Stressors and Social Media Use: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analytical Synthesis. International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies, 11(2), 60–75.
https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7055 - Kumar, B., & Mathew, S. K. (2024). The Dark Side of Social Networking Sites: A Review of Cybercrime Research. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(3), 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.17705/1pais.16301 - Latané, B. (1981). The Psychology of Social Impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343–356.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343 - Latha, K., Meena, K., Pravitha, M., Dasgupta, M., & Chaturvedi, S. (2020). Effective Use of Social Media Platforms for the Promotion of Mental Health Awareness. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 124.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_90_20 - Lee, S., & Kim, E. (2020). Influencer Marketing on Instagram: How Sponsorship Disclosure, Influencer Credibility, and Brand Credibility Impact the Effectiveness of Instagram Promotional Posts. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 11(3), 232–249.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2020.1757236 - Li, Y., & Mogos, G. (2023). Digital Forensics on the Tencent QQ-Instant Messaging Service in China. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 29(1), 412–420.
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i1.pp412-420 - Lipschitz, J., & Torous, J. (2020). Why You May Want to Swipe Left on Social Media. Psychiatric Times, 37(3), 16–18.
- Liu, M., Zhuang, A., Norvilitis, J. M., & Xiao, T. (2024). Usage Patterns of Short Videos and Social Media Among Adolescents and Psychological Health: A Latent Profile Analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 151, 108007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108007 - Lou, N. M., Noels, K. A., Kurl, S., Zhang, Y. S. D., & Young-Leslie, H. (2022). Chinese Canadians’ Experiences of the Dual Pandemics of COVID-19 and Racism: Implications for Identity, Negative Emotion, and Anti-Racism Incident Reporting. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 63(3), 279–297.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000335 - Lubis, A. R., Lubis, M., & Azhar, C. D. (2019). The Effect of Social Media on the Sustainability of Short Message Service (SMS) and Phone Calls. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 687–695.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.173 - Lutz, J., Pratap, A., Lenze, E. J., Bestha, D., Lipschitz, J. M., Karantzoulis, S., Vaidyanathan, U., Robin, J., Horan, W., & Brannan, S. (2023). Innovative Technologies in CNS trials: Promises and Pitfalls for Recruitment, Retention, and Representativeness. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 20(7-9), 40–46.
- Lynch, N. (2024). The Effects of Smartphone Overuse on Youth Mental Health and Psychosocial Behavior (Publication No. 31234569) [Doctoral dissertation, California Southern University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
- MacFarlane, D., & Rocha, R. (2020). Guidelines for Communicating About Bats to Prevent Persecution in the Time of COVID-19. Biological Conservation, 248, 108650.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108650 - Maftei, A., Merlici, I.-A., & Dănilă, O. (2023). Social Media Use as a Coping Mechanism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multidimensional Perspective on Adolescents’ Wellbeing. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1062688.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1062688 - McClain, C., Vogels, E. A., Perrin, A., Sechopoulos, S., & Rainie, L. (2021, September 1). The Internet and the Pandemic. Pew Research Center. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from
https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/09/01/the-internet-and-the-pandemic/ - Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2010). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336–341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 - Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2009). What is a Pandemic? The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(7), 1018–1021.
https://doi.org/10.1086/644537 - Mull, I. R., & Lee, S.-E. (2014). ‘Pin’ Pointing the Motivational Dimensions Behind Pinterest. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 192–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.042 - Nair, A. (2024, November 5). WhatsApp User Statistics 2024: How Many People Use WhatsApp? Verloop.io. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://verloop.io/blog/whatsapp-statistics-2024/ - Nandagiri, V., & Philip, L. (2018). Impact of Influencers from Instagram and YouTube on Their Followers. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education, 4(1), 61–65.
- Nazari, A., Hosseinnia, M., Torkian, S., & Garmaroudi, G. (2023). Social Media and Mental Health in Students: A Cross-Sectional Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 458.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04951-1 - Orduna-Malea, E., Ayllón, J. M., Martín-Martín, A., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2015). Methods for Estimating the Size of Google Scholar. Scientometrics, 104, 931–949.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1614-6 - Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019, September 18). The Rise of Social Media. Our World in Data. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from
https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media - Oxford University Press. (2024). Social Media. In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from
https://www.oed.com/dictionary/social-media_n?tl=true - Oxford University Press. (2024). Social Media. In Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/social-media - Ozkan-Canbolat, E., & Beraha, A. (2016). An Overview of Social Media. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of E-commerce Development, Implementation, and Management (pp. 2072–2083). IGI Global.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9787-4.ch149 - Parker, J. (2023, July 25). X: The Evolution of Twitter and the Future of Social Media. LinkedIn. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/x-evolution-twitter-future-social-media-joshua-parker-mba-kiu7e - Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510–512.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017 - Pinterest. (2025). All About Pinterest. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from
https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest - Piret, J., & Boivin, G. (2021). Pandemics Throughout History. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 631736.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736 - Prowse, R., Sherratt, F., Abizaid, A., Gabrys, R. L., Hellemans, K. G., Patterson, Z. R., & McQuaid, R. J. (2021). Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining Gender Differences in Stress and Mental Health Among University Students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 650759.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.650759 - Qureshi, S. (2019). Perspectives on Development: Why Does Studying Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) Matter? Information Technology for Development, 25(3), 381–389.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1650249 - Qureshi, S. (2020). Outrage and Anger in a Global Pandemic: Flipping the Script on Healthcare. Information Technology for Development, 26(3), 445–457.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1796669 - Rafiq, M., Rafiq, G., & Choi, G. S. (2021). Video Description: Datasets & Evaluation Metrics. IEEE Access, 9, 121665–121685.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3108765 - Rogers, R. (2013). Debanalizing Twitter: The Transformation of an Object of Study. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference (pp. 356–365).
https://doi.org/10.1145/2464464.2464511 - Samnani, A. K. (2024). The Potential Dark Side of Remote Work Transformation: A Social Vulnerability and Relational Perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2024.2353794 - Sampogna, G., Di Vincenzo, M., Luciano, M., Della Rocca, B., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., & Nanni, M. G. (2023). The Effect of Social Media and Infodemic on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the COMET Multicentric Trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1226414.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1226414 - Saputra, Y. E., Worsito, S. B., & Firdaus, D. S. (2022). Bridging a Resilient Post-Pandemic Recovery Through Digital Health Transformation. In Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19 (pp. 13–43). BRIN Publishing.
- Schoultz, M., Lamph, G., Thygesen, H., Leung, J., Bonsaksen, T., Ruffolo, M., Price, D., Watson, P., Kabelenga, I., & Chiu, V. (2023). Perceptions of Social Media Challenges and Benefits During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Findings From a Cross-Sectional International Survey. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(1), Article e0001463.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001463 - Schreurs, L., Meier, A., & Vandenbosch, L. (2023). Exposure to the Positivity Bias and Adolescents’ Differential Longitudinal Links with Social Comparison, Inspiration, and Envy depending on Social Media Literacy. Current Psychology, 42(32), 28221–28241.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03942-x - Seufert, A., Poignée, F., Seufert, M., & Hoßfeld, T. (2023). Share and Multiply: Modeling Communication and Generated Traffic in Private WhatsApp Groups. IEEE Access, 11, 25401–25414.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3257868 - Sharland, L., & Dahir, I. (2023). Ending Violence Against Women and Girls in Digital Contexts. Stimson Center.
- Shellenbarger, T., & Robb, M. (2013). Pinstructive Ideas: Using a Social Networking Bulletin Board for Nursing Education. Nurse Educator, 38(5), 206–209.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0b013e3182a0e5e5 - Singh, J., & Goyal, G. (2019). Anticipating Movie Success Through Crowdsourced Social Media Videos. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 484–494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.032 - Smutny, P., & Schreiberova, P. (2020). Chatbots for Learning: A Review of Educational Chatbots for Facebook Messenger. Computers & Education, 151, 103862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103862 - Sobczyk, K., Holecki, T., & Rogalska, A. (2023). The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Indirect Costs of Mental Illness and Behavioral Disorders in Poland. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1207389.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1207389 - Sofyan, I. R. (2023). The Relationship Between Social Media and Stress Levels of Adolescents in Indonesia. Sinergi International Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 108–119.
https://doi.org/10.61132/sinergi.v1i2.63 - Statista. (2024a). Most Popular Social Networks Worldwide as of April 2024, by Number of Monthly Active Users. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ - Statista. (2024b). Number of Monthly Active QQ Users From the 1st Quarter of 2018 to the 3rd Quarter of 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1318070/china-tencent-number-of-monthly-active-accounts-of-qq/ - Statista. (2024c). Number of Sina Weibo Users in China from 2017 to 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/941456/china-number-of-sina-weibo-users/ - Syed, A. A., Gupta, S., & Rai, D. (2021). The Psychological, Social, and Economic Impact of COVID-19 on the Working Population of India: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Approach. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 66, 102617.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102617 - Takeichi, Y., Sasahara, K., Suzuki, R., & Arita, T. (2015). Concurrent Bursty Behavior of Social Sensors in Sporting Events. PLOS ONE, 10(12), Article e0144646.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144646 - Takian, A., Haghighi, H., & Raoofi, A. (2021). Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives. In M. H. A. R. Khafaie (Ed.), Environmental and Health Management of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) (pp. 443–477). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85780-2.00016-5 - Tan, C. K., Wang, J., Wangzhu, S., Xu, J., & Zhu, C. (2020). The Real Digital Housewives of China’s Kuaishou Video-Sharing and Live-Streaming App. Media, Culture & Society, 42(7-8), 1243–1259.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720948017 - Tarigan, I. M., Harahap, M. A. K., Sari, D. M., Sakinah, R. D., & Ausat, A. M. A. (2023). Understanding Social Media: Benefits of Social Media for Individuals. Journal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 2317–2322.
- Telles, L. E., Valenca, A. M., Barros, A. J., & da Silva, A. G. (2020). Domestic Violence in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Forensic Psychiatric Perspective. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(3), 233–234.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 - Urman, A., & Katz, S. (2022). What They Do in the Shadows: Examining the Far-Right Networks on Telegram. Information, Communication & Society, 25(7), 904–923.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2049349 - Usselmann, H., Ahmad, R., & Siemon, D. (2021). A Personality Mining System for German Twitter Posts with Global Vectors Word Embedding. IEEE Access, 9, 165576–165610.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3134356 - van der Wal, A., Valkenburg, P., & van Driel, I. (2024). Children, Youth and Media. In ECREA 2024 Conference Proceedings (p. 54).
- Velev, D., & Zlateva, P. (2012). The Use of Social Media in Natural Disaster Management. International Proceedings of Economic Development and Research, 39, 41–45.
- Venuleo, C., Gelo, O. C., & Salvatore, S. (2020). Fear, Affective Semiosis, and Management of the Pandemic Crisis: Covid-19 as Semiotic Vaccine? Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 117–130.
https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200218 - Wang, H., Farokhnia, F., & Sanchuli, N. (2023). The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Workers and the Associated Social-Economic Aspects: A Narrative Review. Work, 74(1), 31–45.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220008 - Webwise. (2025). Explained – What is TikTok? Webwise.ie. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from
https://www.webwise.ie/parents/explained-tiktok/ - Williams, M. C., Ezeoke, Q. A., & Adelodun, V. (2020). Nigerians’ Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Their Lifestyle and Financial Status. European Journal of Biology and Medical Science Research, 8(4), 8–19
- World Health Organization. (2020). Mental Health and COVID-19. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1 - World Health Organization. (2025). WHO COVID-19 Dashboard: Trends in COVID-19 Deaths, World. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from
https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths - Wu, H.-C., Jeng, W.-D., Chen, L.-S., & Ho, C.-C. (2024). Developing the NLP-QFD Model to Discover Key Success Factors of Short Videos on Social Media. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4870.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114870 - XData. (2025, March 19). X data [Post]. X. Retrieved December 1, 2025, from
https://x.com/XData/status/1769826435576037702?lang=en - Yang, C.-C., Holden, S. M., & Ariati, J. (2021). Social Media and Psychological Well-Being Among Youth: The Multidimensional Model of Social Media Use. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(1), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00359-z - Yang, J. Z., Liu, Z., & Wong, J. C. (2022). Information Seeking and Information Sharing During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Communication Quarterly, 70(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2021.2014407 - Yang, Y., Liu, K., Li, S., & Shu, M. (2020). Social Media Activities, Emotion Regulation Strategies, and Their Interactions on People’s Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8931.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238931 - You, Z.-Q., Han, X.-P., Lü, L., & Yeung, C. H. (2015). Empirical Studies on the Network of Social Groups: The Case of Tencent QQ. PLOS ONE, 10(7), Article e0130538.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130538 - Yousaf, K., & Nawaz, T. (2022). A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Inappropriate Content Detection and Classification of YouTube Videos. IEEE Access, 10, 16283–16298.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3147912 - Yue, L., Chen, W., Li, X., Zuo, W., & Yin, M. (2019). A Survey of Sentiment Analysis in Social Media. Knowledge and Information Systems, 60, 617–663.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1236-4 - Zerman, S. (2022). Definition and Functionality of Social Media. In S. Zerman (Ed.), Marketing and Social Media Strategy (pp. 1–4). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12345-9_1 - Zheng, W., Yuan, C.-H., Chang, W.-H., & Wu, Y.-C. J. (2016). Profile Pictures on Social Media: Gender and Regional Differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 891–898.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.041 - Zhou, X., Snoswell, C. L., Harding, L. E., Bambling, M., Edirippulige, S., Bai, X., & Smith, A. C. (2020). The Role of Telehealth in Reducing the Mental Health Burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and E-Health, 26(4), 377–379.
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2020.0068
