Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement–soil Blends for Subgrade Construction Cover

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement–soil Blends for Subgrade Construction

Open Access
|Sep 2026

References

  1. Ai, X., Pei, Z., Cao, J., Zhu, X., Hu, W., Gao, L., Feng, D., & Yi, J. (2023). Environmental impact assessment of recycled HMA with RAP materials from the rotary decomposition process compared to virgin HMA and conventional recycled HMA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 383, 136078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136078.
  2. Karthikeyan, K., Kothandaraman, S., & Sarang, G. (2023). Perspectives on the utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement in concrete pavement construction: A critical review. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19, e02242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02242.
  3. Baldovino, J. A., Durán, A. P., & Nuñez de la Rosa, Y. E. (2025). Sustainable stabilization of soil–RAP mixtures using xanthan gum biopolymer. Sustainability, 17(10), 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104601.
  4. Suebsuk, J., Kampala, A., Waiyakorn, P., Suksiripattanapong, C., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2023). Variations in strength and stiffness of cement-stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement and marginal lateritic soil blends in tropical climate. Construction and Building Materials, 406, 134062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134062.
  5. Costa, W. G. S., dos Santos Izzo, R. L., de Souza Almeida, M. S., Achy, A. R. A., de Jesus Santos, I., & Ramos, R. S. (2025). Investigation of cement and polymer stabilization in gravel soil–RAP mixtures for full-depth reclamation applications. Construction and Building Materials, 482, 141548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141548.
  6. Coelho, L. M., Guimarães, A. C. R., Azevedo, A. R. G., & Monteiro, S. N. (2024). Sustainable reclaimed asphalt emulsified granular mixture for pavement base stabilization: Prediction of mechanical behavior based on repeated load triaxial tests. Sustainability, 16(13), 5335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135335.
  7. Guerrero-Bustamante, O., Guillen, A., Moreno-Navarro, F., Rubio-Gámez, M. C., & Sol-Sánchez, M. (2025). Suitable granular road base from reclaimed asphalt pavement. Materials, 18(4), 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040854.
  8. Ai, X., Pei, Z., Xu, K., Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Feng, D., & Yi, J. (2025). RAP agglomeration and partial blending of recycled hot mix asphalt: A literature review. Journal of Road Engineering, 5(2), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jreng.2024.12.006.
  9. Santana, E. K. G. dos S. B., & Paula, J. N. de. (2025). A literature review based on the potential of use of RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) in the base and subbase layers of flexible pavements. Soils and Rocks, 48(2), e2025010224. https://doi.org/10.28927/SR.2025.010224.
  10. Gomes Correia, A., Winter, M. G., & Puppala, A. J. (2016). A review of sustainable approaches in transport infrastructure geotechnics. Transportation Geotechnics, 7, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.03.003.
  11. Fanijo, E. O., Kolawole, J. T., Babafemi, A. J., & Liu, J. (2023). A comprehensive review on the use of recycled concrete aggregate for pavement construction: Properties, performance, and sustainability. Cleaner Materials, 9, 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100199.
  12. Dushmantha, A., Jayakody, S., Gui, Y., & Gallage, C. (2025). A comprehensive review of the resilient behaviour of unbound granular pavement materials. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 12(3), 522–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2024.06.004.
  13. Plati, C., Tsakoumaki, M., & Gkyrtsis, K. (2023). Physical and mechanical properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) incorporated into unbound pavement layers. Applied Sciences, 13(1), 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010362.
  14. Boaventura, A. C. C., de Souza Almeida, M. S., Silva Costa, W. G., Pereira, Í. M. M., São Mateus, M. S. C., Brito, J. A., & colleagues. (2024). The influence of residual asphalt material in the mechanical behaviour of soil–RAP mixtures for use in paving. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 25(1), Article 2407901. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2024.2407901.
  15. Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M. M., & Bo, M. W. (2012). Geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of recycled construction and demolition materials in pavement subbase applications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(8), 1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000652.
  16. Indraratna, B., Thayananthan, N., Qi, Y., & Rujikiatkamjorn, C. (2025). A critical review of the utilization of recycled glass in transportation infrastructure including roads and railways. Sustainability, 17(7), 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073187.
  17. Marinković, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Matić, B., Jovanović, S., Das, D. K., & Sremac, S. (2022). Application of wasted and recycled materials for production of stabilized layers of road structures. Buildings, 12(5), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050552.
  18. Li, J., Qin, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, A., Zhang, X., et al. (2024). Compaction and shear characteristics of recycled construction & demolition aggregates in subgrade: Exploring particle breakage and shape effects. Journal of Cleaner Production. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142776.
  19. Basu, D., Misra, A., & Puppala, A. J. (2015). Sustainability and geotechnical engineering: Perspectives and review. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52(1), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0120.
  20. Sadiq, H., & Shuvo, M. S. H. (2025). Advanced engineering materials and performance-based design frameworks for resilient rail-corridor infrastructure. International Journal of Scientific Interdisciplinary Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.63125/c3g3sx44.
  21. Park, J.-Y., Kim, B.-S., & Lee, D.-E. (2021). Environmental and cost impact assessment of pavement materials using IBEES method. Sustainability, 13(4), 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041836.
  22. Kommanamanchi, V., & Chennarapu, H. (2026). Mechanistic evaluation of geosynthetic-reinforced recycled aggregates: Shear and interfacial performance for sustainable pavement applications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 38(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-22091.
  23. Riekstins, A., Haritonovs, V., Straupe, V., Izaks, R., Merijs-Meri, R., & Zicans, J. (2024). Comparative environmental and economic assessment of a road pavement containing multiple sustainable materials and technologies. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136522.
  24. Gui, Y., Pu, L., Lu, S., Xie, M., Pei, L., & Tian, Y. (2025). Physical, mechanical, compaction, and leaching properties of phosphogypsum-based semi-rigid aggregated geomaterial. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145664.
  25. Wang, C., Chazallon, C., Jing, P., Hornych, P., & Latour, B. (2023). Effect of self-cementing properties on the mechanical behaviour of recycled concrete aggregates in unbound pavement layers. Transportation Geotechnics, 42, 101054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2023.10105.
  26. Hamedi, G. H., Shabani, A., & Safargar, Y. (2020). Investigating the effect of hydrophobic additives in moisture damage reduction of asphalt mixtures. Petroleum & Coal. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.15457.
  27. Santos, J., Ferreira, A., Flintsch, G., & Cerezo, V. (2018). A multi-objective optimisation approach for sustainable pavement management. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(10), 854–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1436571.
  28. Uniyal, S., Gandarillas, L. P., Michrafy, M., Oulahna, D., & Michrafy, A. (2020). Analysis of densification mechanisms of dry granulated materials. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(1), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.027.
  29. Kaseer, F., Bajaj, A., Martin, A. E., Arámbula-Mercado, E., & Hajj, E. I. (2019). Strategies for producing asphalt mixtures with high RAP content. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(11), 04019210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002910.
  30. Pineda, J. A., Larranaga, S. C., Carmona, J., & Champaign. (2024). Multi-criteria analysis for the estimation of resilience indices in geotechnical systems: Application to earth-retaining structures. The International Journal of Architectonic, Spatial, and Environmental Design, 18(2), 43–71. https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-1662/CGP/v18i02/43-71.
  31. Tao, M., Zhang, Z., & Wu, Z. (2008). Simple procedure to assess performance and cost benefits of using recycled materials in pavement construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20(11), 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:11(718).
  32. Al-Ghurabi, S. B., & Al-Humeidawi, B. H. (2021). Comparative evaluation for the effect of particles size of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the properties of HMA. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1895(1), 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1895/1/012025.
  33. Al-Gurah, E. R., & Al-Humeidawi, B. H. (2021). Investigation the effect of different types of mineral fillers on mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1895(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1895/1/012024.
  34. Al-Humeidawi, B. H., Chafat, O. H., & Kadhim, H. A. (2021). Characterizing the properties of sustainable semi-flexible pavement produced with polymer modified bitumen. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 9(2), 1064–1075. https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v9i2.2054.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2027-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Submitted on: May 16, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 14, 2026
Published on: Sep 16, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Gnana Rahul Bodapati, Hanumantha Rao ChappidI, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.