Numerical Assessment of Flat Slabs with Openings Strengthened Using Shear Bolts

Specimen		M8	M8S
Anchorage type		Large (L)	Small (S)
Bolt Diameter		8 mm	8 mm
f′_c (MPa)		50.66	41.14
f′_t (MPa)		2.35	2.11
E_c (GPa)		39.14	35.27
Top tension rein.		Ø 10 mm @ 75 mm
Bottom Compression rein.		Ø 6 mm @ 200 mm
Flexural reinforcement ratio		1.124 %
Effective depth		91 mm
Bolt properties	f_0.2 (MPa)	523	587
	E_w (MPa)	200000	217000
Ø 10 mm	f_y/f_0.2 (MPa)	467
	f_t (MPa)	597
Ø 6 mm	f_y/f_0.2 (MPa)	586
	f_t (MPa)	696

Kinds of terminal anchorages of shear bolts (Adopted from (Inácio et al., 2012))

Geometry and support details of tested slabs (Adopted from (Inácio et al., 2012))

Geometry details of slab model (M8) (Amer et al., 2025)

Load-deflection response of reference slabs and their corresponding finite element models (Amer et al., 2025)

Table 2:

Details of all slab models

Group	Slab model	Anchorage type	Opening size [mm]	f′_c [MPa]	ρ [%]
Reference perforated slabs	LS	-	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LL	-	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	SM	-	100 × 100	41.14	0.78
	LMC	-	100 × 100	50.66	0.78
Group 1	LS-1	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LS-2	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LS-3	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LS-4	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LS-5	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
	LS-6	Large	75 × 75	50.66	0.95
Group 2	LL-1	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	LL-2	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	LL-3	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	LL-4	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	LL-5	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
	LL-6	Large	150 × 150	50.66	0.78
Group 3	SM-1	Small	100 × 100	41.14	0.78
	SM-2	Small	100 × 100	41.14	0.78
	SM-3	Small	100 × 100	41.14	0.78
	SM-4	Small	100 × 100	41.14	0.78
Group 4	LMC-1	Large	100 × 100	50.66	0.78
Group 4	LMC-2	Large	100 × 100	50.66	0.78

Patterns of openings in parametric slab models

Load-deflection responses of parametric slab models of Group 1

Load-deflection responses of parametric slab models of Group 2

Load-deflection responses of parametric slab models of Group 3

Load-deflection responses of parametric slab models of Group 4

Crack patterns on the tension surface of reference slab models

Crack patterns on the tension surface of slab models in Group 1

Crack patterns on the tension surface of slab models in Group 2

Crack patterns on the tension surface of slab models in Group 3

Crack patterns on the tension surface of slab models in Group 4

Table 3:

Finite element analyses outcomes of parametric slab models

Group	Slab model	Anchorage type	Opening size	V_FEA [kN]	V_ACI [kN]	V_EC2 [kN]	*V_ACI / V_FEA*	*V_EC2 / V_FEA*	Failure mode
Reference perforated slabs	LS	-	75 × 75	264	202.20	181.25	0.77	0.69	Punching
	LL	-	150 × 150	217	155.60	128.99	0.72	0.59	Punching
	SM	-	100 × 100	201	168.15	144.50	0.84	0.72	Punching
	LMC	-	100 × 100	195	124.40	124.30	0.64	0.64	Punching
Group 1	LS-1	Large	75 × 75	383	167.51	214.14	0.44	0.56	Flexural
	LS-2	Large	75 × 75	373	167.51	214.14	0.45	0.57	Flexural
	LS-3	Large	75 × 75	334	254.00 ^{Eq. 3}	250.00 ^{Eq. 5}	0.76	0.75	Flexural
	LS-4	Large	75 × 75	396	187.96	249.76	0.47	0.63	Flexural
	LS-5	Large	75 × 75	374	183.88	247.62	0.49	0.66	Flexural
	LS-6	Large	75 × 75	384	173.09	209.45	0.45	0.55	Flexural
Group 2	LL-1	Large	150 × 150	401	135.21	126.76	0.34	0.32	Flexural
	LL-2	Large	150 × 150	271	132.00	129.08	0.49	0.48	Flexural
	LL-3	Large	150 × 150	302	218.00^{Eq. 3}	163.00^{Eq. 5}	0.72	0.70	Flexural
	LL-4	Large	150 × 150	415	201.39	256.64	0.49	0.62	Flexural
	LL-5	Large	150 × 150	310	136.09	174.74	0.44	0.56	Flexural
	LL-6	Large	150 × 150	353	131.30	142.94	0.37	0.40	Flexural
Group 3	SM-1	Small	100 × 100	296	121.72	154.28	0.41	0.52	Flexural
	SM-2	Small	100 × 100	328	140.40	186.34	0.43	0.57	Flexural
	SM-3	Small	100 × 100	320	138.22	151.75	0.43	0.47	Flexural
	SM-4	Small	100 × 100	347	203.21	187.07	0.59	0.54	Flexural
Group 4	LMC-1	Large	100 × 100	316	197.10	233.06	0.62	0.74	Flexural
Group 4	LMC-2	Large	100 × 100	325	197.10	233.06	0.61	0.72	Flexural
Average							0.50	0.58

Table 4:

Deformation capacities of all parametric slab models

Group	Slab model	Ductility	Energy absorption	Deflection at failure	Strength increase [%]
Reference perforated slabs	LS	2.00	1519.13	8	-
	LL	2.28	1300.63	8	-
	SM	2.33	1032.03	7	-
	LMC	2.16	1224.93	8	-
Group 1	LS-1	3.07	5984.22	20	45
	LS-2	3.07	6694.35	23	41
	LS-3	2.32	3052.21	12	27
	LS-4	3.28	8209.74	26	50
	LS-5	3.50	8709.45	29	42
	LS-6	3.00	6267.94	21	45
Group 2	LL-1	2.75	6719.07	22	85
	LL-2	2.56	3033.10	15	25
	LL-3	2.11	2229.23	10	39
	LL-4	3.54	15375.5	46	91
	LL-5	2.93	5276.23	22	43
	LL-6	3.20	7630.03	27	63
Group 3	SM-1	2.68	4024.48	18	47
	SM-2	3.34	7558.56	29	63
	SM-3	3.46	7403.89	29	59
	SM-4	3.50	8157.59	30	73
Group 4	LMC-1	3.63	9848.43	38	62
Group 4	LMC-2	3.63	9113.35	35	67

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2027-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Submitted on: May 21, 2026

Accepted on: Jun 14, 2026

Published on: Aug 18, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Finite element analysis

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Hussein Riyadh Taresh, Thamer Hussein Amer, Takwa Alaa Altaher, Mohd Yazmil Md Yatim, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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Numerical Assessment of Flat Slabs with Openings Strengthened Using Shear Bolts

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