
Mechanical and Impact Performance of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Two types of lightweight Aggregate, Crumb Rubber, and Steel Fibers

References
- Abdul Sada, Y. A., Rasheed, L. S., & Al-Mahaidi, R. (2021). The combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1973(1), 012223.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012223 - ACI-211.2-98. (2004). ACI Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Structural Lightweight Concrete. In: American Concrete Institute.
- ACI-544.4. (2018). ACI-544.4-18: Guide to Design with Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. In: ACI.
- Adhikary, S. K., Ashish, D. K., Sharma, H., Patel, J., Rudžionis, Ž., Al-Ajamee, M., Thomas, B. S., & Khatib, J. M. (2022). Lightweight self-compacting concrete: A review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 15, 200107.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200107 - Akers, D. J., Gruber, R., Ramme, B. W., Boyle, M. J., Grygar, J. G., Rowe, S., Bremner, T. W., Kluckowski, E. S., Sheetz, S. R., Burg, R. G., Kowalsky, M. J., Snow, P. G., Crocker, D. A., Leming, M. L., Speck, J., Dodl, C. L., Mccall, W. C., Sypher, W. X., Fidjestøl, P., Mor, A. A., Vaysburd, A. M., Golden, D. M., & Parekh, D. (2013). Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete ACI 213 R-14 Reported by ACI Committee 213.
- Al-Kabi, W. H., & Awad, H. K. (2024). Investigating Some Properties of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced LECA Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete. Journal of Engineering, 30(03), 177–190.
https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.03.12 - Al-obaidey, S. j. (2020). The Effects of Maximum Attapulgite Aggregate Size and Steel Fibers Content on Fresh and Some Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Self Compacting Concrete. Journal of Engineering, 26(5), 172–190.
https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.12 - Alabdulkarim, A., El-Sayed, A. K., Alsaif, A. S., Fares, G., & Alhozaimy, A. M. (2024). Behavior of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Tire Steel Fibers. Buildings, 14(8).
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082463 - Ali, S. M., & Awad, H. K. (2024). The Effect of Hybrid Fibers on Some Properties of Structural Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete by using LECA as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate. Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research, 14(4), 15002–15007.
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7425 - Altun, F., & Aktaş, B. (2013). Investigation of reinforced concrete beams behavior of steel fiber added lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 575–581.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.022 - ASTMC78/C78M. (2018). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading). In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC127-04. (2004). Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC330/C330M-17. (2017). Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC469. (2014). Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poissons Ratio of Concrete in Compression. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC494. (2024). Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC496/C496M. (2014). Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- ASTMC618. (2022). ASTM C618: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. In. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
- Balendran, R. V., Zhou, F. P., Nadeem, A., & Leung, A. Y. T. (2002). Influence of steel fibres on strength and ductility of normal and lightweight high strength concrete. Building and Environment, 37(12), 1361–1367.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00109-3 - Bogas, J. A., Gomes, A., & Pereira, M. F. C. (2012). Self-compacting lightweight concrete produced with expanded clay aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 1013–1022.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.111 - Chylík, R., Fládr, J., Bílý, P., Trtík, T., & Vráblík, L. (2019). An analysis of the applicability of existing shrinkage prediction models to concretes containing steel fibres or crumb rubber. Journal of Building Engineering, 24, 100729.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.02.021 - Domagała, L., & Podolska, A. (2022). Effect of Lightweight Aggregate Impregnation on Selected Concrete Properties. Materials, 15(1), 198.
- EFNARC. (2002). Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (0953973344).
www.efnarc.org - Eldin Neil, N., & Senouci Ahmed, B. (1993). Rubber-Tire Particles as Concrete Aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 478–496.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:4(478) - Emiroglu, M., Yildiz, S., & Kelestemur, M. (2008). An investigation on its microstructure of the concrete containing waste vehicle tire. Computers and Concrete, 5.
https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2008.5.5.503 - Frank, H. P. (1979). Fibre cements and fibre concretes, D. J. Hannant, wiley-interscience, New York, 1978, 219 pp. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, 17, 464–465.
- Frayyeh, Q., A. Abbas, W., & Hussein, M. (2014). Producing Lightweight Concrete Aggregate from Iraqi Attapulgite (Vol. 1).
https://doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.res.2014.132 - Gerritse, A. (1981). Design considerations for reinforced lightweight concrete. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 3(1), 57–69.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(81)90031-2 - Ghoniem, A., & Aboul Nour, L. (2024). Experimental investigation into the properties of crumb rubberized concrete incorporating corrugated round steel fibers. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 24(2).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-024-00883-z - Gray, R. J., & Johnston, C. D. (1987). The influence of fibre-matrix interfacial bond strength on the mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced mortars. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 9(1), 43–55.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(87)90036-4 - Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate concrete. (2014). (9780870318979).
- Hosen, M. A., Shammas, M. I., Shill, S. K., Al-Deen, S., Jumaat, M. Z., & Hashim, H. (2022). Ductility Enhancement of Sustainable Fibrous-Reinforced High-Strength Lightweight Concrete. Polymers, 14(4), 727.
- Hussein, M., Frayyeh, Q., & A. Abbas, W. (2015). Producing Concrete Lightweight Aggregate from Iraqi Attapulgite Clay.
- IQSNo45. (1984). IQS No.45: for Aggregates of Natural Resources used for Concrete and Construction. In.
- IQSNo.4. (2019). IQSNo.4: Portland Cement. In.
- Irmawaty, R., Noor, N. M., & Muhaimin, A. A. (2020). Feasibility of crumb rubber as fine aggregate in concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 419(1), 012054.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012054 - Kadhum, M. M. (2015). Studying of Some Mechanical Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Local Materials (Number 7 Journal of Engineering, Issue.
- Karadağ, E. M., Gürocak, M., Kına, C., & Türk, K. (2024). Importance of pumice amount in the design of self-compacting lightweight concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 7(3), 198–218.
https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2024.03198218 - Khalil, E., Abd-Elmohsen, M., & Anwar, A. M. (2015). Impact Resistance of Rubberized Self-Compacting Concrete. Water Science, 29(1), 45–53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2014.12.002 - Lv, J., Du, Q., Zhou, T., He, Z., & Li, K. (2019). Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Rubber Lightweight Aggregate Concrete and Corresponding Mortar. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2019(1), 8372547.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8372547 - Makki, O. M. (2025). Heat influence on sustainable rubberized concrete mixes. Research on Engineering Structures and Materials, 11(5), 1997–2011.
https://doi.org/10.17515/resm2025-400ma0116rs - Makki, O. M., & Al-Mutairee, H. M. K. (2022). Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Structural Rubcrete Mixes. International Journal of Engineering, 35(9), 1744–1751.
https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2022.35.09C.10 - Nahhab, A. H., & Ketab, A. K. (2020). Influence of content and maximum size of light expanded clay aggregate on the fresh, strength, and durability properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with micro steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 233, 117922.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117922 - Nepomuceno, M. C. S., Pereira-de-Oliveira, L. A., & Pereira, S. F. (2018). Mix design of structural lightweight self-compacting concrete incorporating coarse lightweight expanded clay aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 373–385.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.161 - Nis, A. (2018). Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete. International Journal of Engineering Technologies IJET, 4(1), 33–40.
https://doi.org/10.19072/ijet.340259 - Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., & Lam, L. (2004). Effect of microstructure of ITZ on compressive strength of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 18(6), 461–468.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.03.005 - Prasad, C. (2024). An Experimental Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume and Crumb Rubber. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology.
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60691 - Rakaa, R. K., & Abbas, R. M. (2024). Mechanical Properties of Lightweight EPS Self-compacting Concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibers. Journal of Engineering, 30(06), 125–140.
https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.08 - Sadrmomtazi, A., & Pourahmadi Sefat Arabani, H. (2025). On Fresh and Hardened Properties of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete. International Journal of Engineering, 38(4), 767–784.
https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2025.38.04a.09 - Safaan, M., Eid, F., Nasser, A., & Emara, M. (2018). Prediction of self compacted rubberized concrete properties using Taguch methods. Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 9, 52.
https://doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2018.02.002 - Si, R., Wang, J., Guo, S., Dai, Q., & Han, S. (2018). Evaluation of laboratory performance of self-consolidating concrete with recycled tire rubber. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 823–831.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.180 - Testing hardened concrete. Part 3, Compressive strength of test specimens. (2019). BSI.
- Yang, K. H., Kim, H. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Various Steel Fibers. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 16(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-022-00538-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0118 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Submitted on: May 4, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 7, 2026
Published on: Aug 17, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Mustafa S. Hamdi, Ali H. Nahhab, Mohammed J. Kadhim, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.