Mechanical and Impact Performance of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Two types of lightweight Aggregate, Crumb Rubber, and Steel Fibers

Mustafa S. Hamdi; Ali H. Nahhab; Mohammed J. Kadhim

doi:10.2478/cee-2026-0118

Mechanical and Impact Performance of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Two types of lightweight Aggregate, Crumb Rubber, and Steel Fibers

Civil and Environmental Engineering

AHEAD OF PRINT

By: Mustafa S. Hamdi, Ali H. Nahhab and Mohammed J. Kadhim

Open Access

|Aug 2026

Figures & Tables

Lightweight Coarse Aggregates: a) LECA; b) ATG

Table 1:

Physical Properties of Lightweight Coarse Aggregates

Properties	ATG	LECA	Specifications	Allowable Limits
Bulk density [Kg/m³]	810	400	ASTM C127	≤ 880
specific gravity [OD]	1.42	1.26	ASTM C127	≤ 2.6
Absorption [%]	27	18	ASTM C127	5 – 30

Table 2:

Chemical and Physical Properties of Crumb Rubber

Chemical Composition		Physical Properties
Major Rubber Components	Result	Properties	Result
Acetone Extract [-]	10	Fines Modulus	2.25 [-]
Rubber Hydrocarbon [-]	25	Specific Gravity	1.8 [-]
Carbon Black Content [-]	30	Water Absorption	0.61 [%]
Natural Rubber Content [-]	31	Bulk Density	0.45 [g/cm²]
Ash Content [-]	4

Table 3:

Mix proportions by mass (kg/m³)

GR	No.	Mix	C	FA	S	LWA	SP [%]	Rub. [%]	CMR	MSF
1	1	ATG-C	380	120	747	432	1.33	-	-	-
1	2	LECA-C	380	120	650	450	1	-	-	-
2	3	ATG-R10%-S2.36	380	120	672	432	1.34	10	31	-
	4	ATG-R20%-S2.36	380	120	598	432	1.37	20	62	-
	5	ATG-R30%-S2.36	380	120	523	432	1.44	30	93	-
	6	ATG-R10%-S1.18	380	120	672	432	1.37	10	31	-
	7	ATG-R20%-S1.18	380	120	598	432	1.4	20	62	-
	8	ATG-R30%-S1.18	380	120	523	432	1.45	30	93	-
	9	LECA-R10%-S2.36	380	120	585	450	1.27	10	27	-
	10	LECA-R20%-S2.36	380	120	520	450	1.3	20	54	-
	11	LECA-R30%-S2.36	380	120	455	450	1.37	30	81	-
	12	LECA-R10-S1.18	380	120	585	450	1.35	10	27	-
	13	LECA-R20%-S1.18	380	120	520	450	1.37	20	54	-
	14	LECA-R30%-S1.18	380	120	455	450	1.4	30	81	-
3	15	ATG-F	380	120	747	432	1.37	-	-	39
	16	LECA-F	380	120	650	450	1.35	-	-	39
	17	ATGF-R10%-S2.36	380	120	672	432	1.4	10	31	39
	18	ATGF-R10%-S1.18	380	120	672	432	1.42	10	31	39
	19	LECAF-R10%S2.36	380	120	585	450	1.35	10	27	39
	20	LECAF-R10%-S1.18	380	120	585	450	1.38	10	27	39
4	21	ATG-TR10%-S2.36	380	120	672	432	1.31	10	31	-
4	22	LECA-TR10%-S2.36	380	120	585	450	1.25	10	27	-

Impact Resistance Machine: a) Cross-Section of the Impact Strength Test Setup; b) Impact Test Device

Table 4:

Results of LWSCC Fresh Properties

GR	No.	Mix	Slump flow [mm]	T5oomm [sec]	VF [sec]	VFT5 [sec]	L-Box [-]
1	1	ATG-C	733	2.5	8	11.5	0.98
1	2	LECA-C	744	3	7	10	1
2	3	ATG-R10%-S2.36	721	3	9	12	0.93
	4	ATG-R20%-S2.36	718	3.7	12	14	0.84
	5	ATG-R30%-S2.36	689	5	13	15.5	0.8
	6	ATG-R10%-S1.18	725	2.7	8.5	11	0.95
	7	ATG-R20%-S1.18	712	4	11	13.5	0.87
	8	ATG-R30%-S1.18	700	5	12.5	15	0.85
	9	LECA-R10%-S2.36	728	3.5	8	10.5	0.94
	10	LECA-R20%-S2.36	719	4	10.7	13	0.91
	11	LECA-R30%-S2.36	707	5	12	14.5	0.86
	12	LECA-R10%-S1.18	737	3.3	7.5	9.7	0.97
	13	LECA-R20%-S1.18	723	4	10	12	0.86
	14	LECA-R30%-S1.18	715	5	11.5	14	0.82
3	15	ATG-F	726	3.7	11	13	0.88
	16	LECA-F	730	4.7	10	12	0.9
	17	ATGF-R10%-S2.36	717	4.5	12	14	0.83
	18	ATGF-R10%-S1.18	721	4	11.7	14.5	0.85
	19	LECAF-R10%-S2.36	715	5.2	12.5	14.6	0.85
	20	LECAF-R10%-S1.18	727	5	11.5	15	0.87
4	21	ATG-TR10%-S2.36	724	2.8	8	10	0.95
4	22	LECA-TR10%-S2.36	726	3	7.5	11	1

T500, VF, and VFT5 value of LWSCC mixes incorporating ATG and LECA

L-Box values of LWSCC mixes incorporating ATG and LECA

Table 5:

Results of LWSCC Hardened Properties at 28 days

GR	No.	Mix	Comp. [MPa]	Split. [MPa]	Flex. [MPa]	E [GPa]	IDR [-]
1	1	ATG-C	35	3.5	3.36	24.2	1.73
1	2	LECA-C	31.5	2.88	2.84	20	1.57
2	3	ATG-R10%-S2.36	28.7	2.97	3.4	21.2	2.61
	4	ATG-R20%-S2.36	26.3	2.59	3.2	17.5	2.7
	5	ATG-R30%-S2.36	23.6	2.44	2.85	16.5	2.5
	6	ATG-R10%-S1.18	31.2	3.3	3.6	23.5	3.16
	7	ATG-R20%-S1.18	29.1	3.31	3.55	18.3	3.3
	8	ATG-R30%-S1.18	25.4	3.05	3.3	17.7	3.2
	9	LECA-R10%-S2.36	26.2	2.8	3.1	18.4	2.44
	10	LECA-R20%-S2.36	23.2	3	2.8	17.8	2
	11	LECA-R30%-S2.36	20.4	2.7	2.65	15.5	2.2
	12	LECA-R10%-S1.18	27.5	2.83	3.25	19.7	3
	13	LECA-R20%-S1.18	25.3	2.75	2.86	16.5	3.2
	14	LECA-R30%-S1.18	23.3	2.5	2.7	13.5	2.7
3	15	ATG-F	34.6	3.91	4.05	25.5	2.62
	16	LECA-F	32.7	3.12	3.67	21	2.35
	17	ATGF-R10%-S2.36	26.4	3.67	4.56	22.3	3.92
	18	ATGF-R10%-S1.18	29.8	3.86	4.73	23	4.22
	19	LECAF-R10%S2.36	25	2.87	3.7	20.6	3.7
	20	LECAF-R10%-S1.18	28.1	3.53	4.1	21	3.82
4	21	ATG-TR10%-S2.36	29.3	3.52	3.47	22.6	3.4
4	22	LECA-TR10%-S2.36	27	2.92	2.82	19	3

Compressive Strength of LWSCC with CMR and MSF Incorporation Using Different LWCA Type

Splitting tensile strength of LWSCC with CMR and MSF Incorporation Using Different LWCA Type

Flexural Strength of LWSCC with CMR and MSF Incorporation Using Different of LWCA Type

Static Modulus of Elasticity of LWSCC with CMR and MSF Incorporation Using Different LWCA Type

Impact Ductility Ratio of LWSCC with CMR and MSF Incorporation Using Different of LWCA Type

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0118 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Submitted on: May 4, 2026

Accepted on: Jun 7, 2026

Published on: Aug 17, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Lightweight self-compacting concrete,

Artificial Attapulgite Aggregate,

LECA,

Crumb rubber,

Impact strength,

Micro hook-end steel fiber (MSF)

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Mustafa S. Hamdi, Ali H. Nahhab, Mohammed J. Kadhim, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT

Mechanical and Impact Performance of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Two types of lightweight Aggregate, Crumb Rubber, and Steel Fibers

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Table 1:

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Table 4:

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Table 5:

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