Stabilization of Sandy Subgrade Soils with Clay and Crushed Stone

Juan Carlos Fernández Mercedes; Lucio Ismael Fernández Mercedes; Sleyther Arturo De La Cruz Vega; Ccori Siello Vega Neyra; Doris Lina Huamán Baldeon; Juana Maribel Lavado Enriquez; Cristian Milton Mendoza Flores

doi:10.2478/cee-2026-0113

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Stabilization of Sandy Subgrade Soils with Clay and Crushed Stone

Civil and Environmental Engineering

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By: Juan Carlos Fernández Mercedes, Lucio Ismael Fernández Mercedes, Sleyther Arturo De La Cruz Vega, Ccori Siello Vega Neyra, Doris Lina Huamán Baldeon, Juana Maribel Lavado Enriquez and Cristian Milton Mendoza Flores

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Location and Soil Characteristics of the Study Area

Variation of the Optimum Moisture Content

Permeability Test of Granular Soils – Constant Head

ANOVA for Permeability

Source [-]	Sum of Squares [-]	DF [-]	Mean Square [-]	F0 [-]	p-value [-]
Crushed Stone	11,618.3670	1	11,618.3670	11.97	<0.0
Clay	11,942.7490	4	2,985.6873	3.08	<0.0
Interaction AB	117,317.3886	4	29,329.3472	30.22	<0.0
Error	87,334.6204	90	970.3847
Total	228.213,1253	99

CBR ANOVA

Source [-]	Sum of Squares [-]	DF [-]	Mean Square [-]	F0 [-]	p-value [-]
Crushed stone	936.6330	1	936.6330	16.47	<0,001
Clay	962.5600	4	240.6400	4.23	<0.001
Interaction AB	7082.3850	4	1770.5963	31.14	<0.001
Error	5117.0833	90	56.8565
Total	14098.6996	99

Modified Proctor Test

Sample [-]	MDD [gr/cm³]	OMC [%]
Pattern	1.704	14.4
5% clay + 5 % crushed stone	1.770	13.2
10% clay + 5 % crushed stone	1.794	13.2
15% clay + 5 % crushed stone	1.882	10.8
20% clay + 5 % crushed stone	1.916	11.1

Modified Proctor ANOVA

Source [-]	Sum of Squares [-]	DF [-]	Mean Square [-]	F0 [-]	p-value [-]
Crushed stone	15.2964	1	15.2964	19.91	<0.0
Clay	15.6151	4	3.903	5.08	<0,001
Interaction AB	100.0580	4	25.0145	32.57	<0,001
Error	69.1170	90	0.
Total	200.0865	99

Particle Size Distribution (ASTM D422)

ASTM standard sieve [-]	Aperture [mm]	Retained Weight [gr]	Percent Retained [%]	Cumulative Retained [%]	Percent Passing [%]	Description
1″	25.4				100	Natural Moisture	0.8
3/4″	19.05	42	0.2	0.2	99.8	Liquid Limit	0
1/2″	12.7	31	0.2	0.4	99.6	Plastic Limit	NP
3/8″	9.525	11	0.1	0.5	99.5	Plasticity Index	NP
1/4″	6.35	10	0.1	0.5	99.5	Soil Classification (SUCS)	SP
No.4	4.76	13	0.1	0.6	99.4	AASHTO Classification	A-3 (0)
No.10	2	8.02	0	0.7	99.3	Maximum Size	1″
No.20	0.84	8.82	0.1	0.7	99.3	Nominal Maximum Size	3/4″
No.40	0.42	981.74	5.7	6.4	93.6	Gravel (%)	0.6
No.60	0.25	6848.16	39.5	45.9	54.1	Sand (%)	96.2
No.100	0.15	5426.46	31.3	77.1	22.9	Fines (%)	3.2
No.200	0.074	3411.92	19.7	96.8	3.2
PASA		554.89	3.2	100

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0113 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Submitted on: Sep 22, 2025

Accepted on: Apr 12, 2026

Published on: Jun 24, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Economic theory, systems and structures,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Juan Carlos Fernández Mercedes, Lucio Ismael Fernández Mercedes, Sleyther Arturo De La Cruz Vega, Ccori Siello Vega Neyra, Doris Lina Huamán Baldeon, Juana Maribel Lavado Enriquez, Cristian Milton Mendoza Flores, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT

Stabilization of Sandy Subgrade Soils with Clay and Crushed Stone

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:

Figure 6:

ANOVA for Permeability

CBR ANOVA

Modified Proctor Test

Modified Proctor ANOVA

Particle Size Distribution (ASTM D422)

Paradigm

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