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Flexural Behavior of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube CFST Members with Initial Imperfections Due to Steel Tube Notches Cover

Flexural Behavior of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube CFST Members with Initial Imperfections Due to Steel Tube Notches

Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 22 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Mar 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1:

Vertically and Horizontally Oriented Notches.

Fig. 2:

Tensile strength test of steel coupons.

Fig. 3:

Stress-strain curve behaviour and tensile properties of steel tubes.

Fig. 4a:

Hydraulic testing machine.

Fig. 4b:

Test setup for beam specimen.

Fig. 5:

Ultimate load.

Fig. 6:

Ultimate deflection at ultimate load.

Fig. 7:

Load deflection curves of control beams.

Fig. 8:

Load-deflection curves for control specimens compared to hollow specimens.

Fig. 9:

Load-deflection curves for control specimens compared to STV specimens.

Fig. 10:

Load-deflection curves for control specimens compared to STH specimens.

Fig. 11:

Load-deflection curves for control specimens compared to SBV specimens.

Fig. 12:

Load-deflection curves for control specimens compared to SBH specimens.

Fig. 13a:

Failure Behaviour of Hollow Steel Tube Beams with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 13b:

Failure Behaviour of Hollow Steel Tube Beams with thickness 4.7.

Fig. 14a:

Failure Behaviour of Control Steel Tube Beams with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 14b:

Failure Behaviour of Control Steel Tube Beams with thickness 4.7.

Fig. 15a:

Failure behaviour of STV beams with vertical notches in the compression zone with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 15b:

Failure behaviour of STV beams with vertical notches in the compression zone with thickness 4.7.

Fig. 16a:

Failure behaviour of STH beams with horizontal notches in the compression zone with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 16b:

Failure behaviour of STH beams with horizontal notches in the compression zone with thickness 4.7.

Fig. 17a:

Failure behaviour of SBV beams with vertical notches in the tension zone with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 17b:

Failure behaviour of SBV beams with vertical notches in the tension zone with thickness 4.7.

Fig. 18a:

Failure behaviour of SBH beams with horizontal notches in the tension zone with thickness 2.7.

Fig. 18b:

Failure behaviour of SBH beams with horizontal notches in the tension zone with thickness 4.7.

Sample details_

Beam designationWidth (mm)Length (mm)Thickness (mm)Location of notchDirectionB/t
Control-2.715015002.7--55.56
Control- 4.7--4.7--31.9
Hollow-2.7--2.7--55.56
Hollow-4.7--4.7--31.9
STV-2.7--2.7topvertical55.56
STV-4.7--4.7topvertical31.9
STH-2.7--2.7tophorizontal55.56
STH-4.7--4.7tophorizontal31.9
SBV-2.7--2.7bottomvertical55.56
SBV-4.7--4.7bottomvertical31.9
SBH-2.7--2.7bottomhorizontal55.56
SBH-4.7--4.7bottomhorizontal31.9

Results of mechanical properties_

Specimensfcu(MPa) exp.fc′(MPa) exp.ft (MPa)Ec (GPa)fr (MPa)
Exp.ASTM C496M-17Exp.ASTM C469M-22Exp.ASTM C78M-22
Cubes42.1-------
Cylinders-34.133.130.427.4--
Prisms------4.13.6

Mix proportions_

Components (kg/m3)WaterW/C
CementSandGravel
3957309801850.47

Summary of the experimental results_

Beam designationUltimate load pu (kN)Ultimate Deflection du (mm)% decrease in Ultimate Load% Decrease in Ultimate Deflection
Hollow-2.745.39.572.7177.38
Hollow-4.715416.349.8471.40
Control-2.716642--
Control- 4.730757--
STV-2.7156136.0269.05
STV-4.72763145.6145.61
STH-2.7159334.2221.43
STH-4.7290525.548.77
SBV-2.7153137.8369.05
SBV-4.7296343.5840.35
SBH-2.71161030.1276.19
SBH-4.72332024.1064.91
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
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Language: English
Page range: 186 - 208
Published on: Mar 24, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
CFST,
Flexural behaviour,
Notched members,
Experimental investigation,
Strength,
Failure modes
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Political economics,
Economic theory, systems and structures,
Business management,
Industries,
Environmental management

© 2026 Haider A. A. Al-Atabi, Ahmed A. M. Al-Shaar, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
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