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Evaluation of Road Damage Level Using Surface Distress Index (SDI) – Case Study Cover

Evaluation of Road Damage Level Using Surface Distress Index (SDI) – Case Study

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Assessment of the percentage of crack area, crack width, number of holes, and vehicle rutting (Isradiet al., 2021; Paikun et al., 2021; Setiadji & Purwanto, 2019).

Figure 2:

Location and carriageway details for the study area.

Figure 3:

Research flow chart.

Figure 4:

Description of Some Road Damage for the Case Study: (a) Fatigue crack, (b) Transverse crack, (c) Pothole, (d) Rutting.

Figure 5:

The Obtained SDI Values for the Road Segments.

Figure 6:

The obtained damage category and treatment type for the road segments.

Road damage data for each segment_

Segment No.Crack area [%]Crack width [mm]No. of potholes [per 200 meters]Rut depth [mm]
121.254154
217.223123.5
35.80233.5
427.303115.5
58.001123.5
69.80251
78.13270.5
811.55291
920.243111
106.00130.5
113.52150
128.84240.5
134.90260.8
141.50150
152.03230.3
161.95243.2
173.50173.5
186.72234
1913.00353.5
203.60263.5
2111.20344
2222.804115.5
2331.20487
2417.853126
2520.703146.5

Criteria of road damage based on SDI (Isradiet al_, 2021; Paikun et al_, 2021; Setiadji & Purwanto, 2019)_

Total SDI valueDamage category
<50Good
50–100Fair
100–150Bad
>150Poor

Obtained Total SDI Value for Each Segment_

Segment No.SDI 1 (Crack area)SDI 2 (Crack width)SDI 3 (No. of potholes)SDI 4 (Rut depth)Total SDI valueDamage categoryType of treatment
1204022520305Poor damageReconstruction
2202022520285Poor damageReconstruction
3557520105Bad damageRehabilitation
4202022520285Poor damageReconstruction
55522520255Poor damageReconstruction
655751095Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
755752.587.5Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
820207510125Bad damageRehabilitation
9202022510275Poor damageReconstruction
1055752.587.5Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
115575085Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
1255752.587.5Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
1355752.587.5Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
145575085Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
1555752.587.5Fair damagePeriodical maintenance
16557520105Bad damageRehabilitation
17557520105Bad damageRehabilitation
18557520105Bad damageRehabilitation
1920207520135Bad damageRehabilitation
20557520105Bad damageRehabilitation
2120207520135Bad damageRehabilitation
22204022520305Poor damageReconstruction
2340807520215Poor damageReconstruction
24202022520285Poor damageReconstruction
25202022520285Poor damageReconstruction
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Page range: 81 - 92
Submitted on: Jun 17, 2025
|
Accepted on: Jul 13, 2025
|
Published on: Mar 24, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2026 Rasha Al-Rubaee, Ali Jehad, Nawal Salman, Ammar Shubber, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.