Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The share of Poland in the phosphorus pollution status of Baltic Sea in the light of HELCOM PLC research Cover

The share of Poland in the phosphorus pollution status of Baltic Sea in the light of HELCOM PLC research

By: Alicja Pecio  
Open Access
|Jan 2026

References

  1. Bali M., Gueddari M., 2019. Removal of phosphorus from secondary effluents using infiltration – percolation process. Applied Water Science, 9(54): 1–8, doi: 10.1007/s13201-019-0945-5.
  2. Bindraban P.S., Dimkpa C.O., Pandey R., 2020. Exploring phosphorus fertilizers and fertilization strategies for improved human and environmental health. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 56(3): 299–317, doi: 10.1007/s00374-019-01430-2.
  3. BSAP, 2021. Baltic Sea Action Plan. https://helcom.fi/Baltic-sea-action-plan.
  4. Convention 1974. Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, done in Helsinki on 22 March 1974. Journal of Laws 1980, No. 18, item 64.
  5. Costa J.A., Souza J.P., Teixeira A.P., Nabout J.C., Carneiro F., M., 2018. Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems: a scientometric study. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 30(e2): 1–11, doi: 10.1590/S2179-975.3016.
  6. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal L 206, 22/07/1992 P. 0007–0050.
  7. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities L 327/1, 22.12.2000.
  8. Dubrovsky N.M., Burow K.R., Clark G.M., Gronberg J.M., Hamilton P.A., Hitt K.J., Mueller D.K., Munn M.D., Nolan B.T., Puckett L.J., Rupert M.G., Short T.M., Spahr N.E., Sprague L.A., Wilber W.G., 2010. The quality of our Nation’s waters – Nutrients in the Nation’s streams and groundwater, 1992–2004. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 1350(2): 174, doi: 10.3133/cir1350.
  9. Environment Agency, 2002. Guideline phosphorus standards for SAC Rivers. Water Quality Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal L 206, 22/07/1992 P. 0007–0050.Task Group for the Habitats Directive. WQTAG048b.
  10. HELCOM 2013. HELCOM Copenhagen Declaration “Taking further action to implement the Baltic Sea Action Plan – reaching good environmental status for healthy Baltic Sea. Adopted 3 October 2013.
  11. HELCOM 2021. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan – 2021 update, 60 pp. https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Baltic-Sea-Action-Plan-2021-update.pdf.
  12. HELCOM 2022. HELCOM Guidelines for the annual and periodical compilation and reporting of waterborn pollution inputs to the Baltic Sea (PLC-Water) (HELCOM Reports).
  13. HELCOM 2023. Thematic assessment of Eutrophication 2016–2021. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 192. 53 pp. Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission – Helsinki Commission 2023. https://helcom.fl/post type publ/holas3 eut3.
  14. HELCOM upd. Revised Nutrient Input Ceilings to the BSAP update (p.35). HELCOM., 2021.
  15. HELCOM 2021. HELCOM Recommendation 37-38/1. Adopted on 16 June, 2016, amended on 7 August 2022, taking into account art. 20, section 1b of the Helsinki Convention.
  16. Hoffmann K., Skut J., Rybarski S., Hoffmann J., 2011. Studies on partial decomposition of phosphate rock (PAPR method) using sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Proceedings of ECOpole, 5 (2): 531–536.
  17. Hua L., Liu J., Zhai L., Xi B., Zhang F., Wang H., Liu H., Chen A., Fu B., 2017. Risks of phosphorus runoff losses from five Chinese paddy soils under conventional management practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 245: 112–123, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.015.
  18. Hwang S., 2020. Eutrophication and the ecological health risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6332, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176332.
  19. Igras J., Jadczyszyn T., 2008. Nitrate and phosphate content in shallow groundwater in Poland. Problems of Agricultural Engineering, 2: 91–102.
  20. Igras J., Pastuszak M. (ed.), 2009. The share of Polish agriculture in the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to the Baltic Sea. Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, 416 pp.
  21. Inputs of nutrients to the sub-basins 1995–2022. HELCOM core indicator report. 56 pp.
  22. Jarvie H.P., Neal C., Withers P.J.A., 2006. Sewage-effluent phosphorus: A greater risk to river eutrophication than agricultural phosphorus. Science of the Total Environment, 360(1-3): 246–253.
  23. Kim K., Yoon Y., Cho H., Hwang S.J., 2020. Molecular probes to evaluate the synthesis and production potential of an odorous compound (2-methylisoborneol) in cyanobacteria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1933), pp. 1–9.
  24. Kleinman P.J.A., Sharpley A.N., McDowell R.W., Flaten D.N., Buda A.R., Tao L., Bergstrom L., Zhu Q., 2011. Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress. Plant and Soil, 349(1): 169–182, doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0832-9.
  25. Knight C.A., 2021. Causes and consequences of eutrophication, which are leading to water pollution. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(10): 118–119, doi: 10.36648/2572-5483.6.10.118.
  26. Larsen S.E., Svendsen L.M., 2021. Statistical aspects in relation to Baltic Sea Pollution Load Compilation. Task under HELCOM PLC-8 project. Aarhus University, DCE Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Technical Report No. 224, 60 pp. http://dce2.au.dk/pub/TR224.pdf
  27. Liu W., Ciais P., Liu X., Yang H., Hoekstra A.Y., Tang Q., Wang X., Li X., Cheng L., 2020. Global phosphorus losses from croplands under future precipitation scenarios. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(22): 14761–14771, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03978.
  28. National Report 2020. Development of the balance of pollutant loads discharged by rivers into the Baltic Sea – PLC National report on the work within the PLC-7 balance. Warsaw, October 30, 2020.
  29. NIC, 2023. Nutrient Input Ceiling assessment 1995–2020. Technical report. 2023. 123 pp.
  30. Pakuła K., Kuziemska B., Becher M., Kiepuszewska A., 2018. Analysis of supply logistics of private agricultural farms in the artificial fertilizers. Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu, 20(3): 120–124, doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.1505.
  31. Pecio A., 2024. The share of Poland in the actual pollution status of Baltic Sea waters with nitrates in the light of HELCOM PLC research. Current Agronomy, 1: 96–115, doi: 10.2478/cag-2024-0010.
  32. Qi, J., Deng, L., Song, Y., Qi, W., Hu, C., 2022. Nutrient Thresholds Required to Control Eutrophication: does It Work for Natural Alkaline Lakes? Water (Basel), 14(2674): 1–6.
  33. Rathore S.S., Chandravanshi P., Chandravanshi A., Jaiswal K., 2016. Eutrophication: impacts of Excess Nutrient Inputs on Aquatic Ecosystem. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 9(10): 89–96, doi: 10.9790/2380-0910018996.
  34. Regulation 2008. Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 20 August 2008 on the method of classifying the condition of surface water bodies. Journal of Laws No. 162, item 1008.
  35. Sapek B., 2014. Soil phosphorus accumulation and release – sources, processes, causes. Water-Environment-Rural Areas, 14, 1(45): 77–100.
  36. Sharpley A.N., Bergström L., Aronsson H., Bechmann M., Bolster C.H., Börling K., Djodjic F., Jarvie H.P., Schoumans O.F., Stamm C., Tonderski K.S., Ulen B., Uusitalo R., Withers P.J., 2015. Future agriculture with minimized phosphorus losses to waters: Research needs and direction. Ambio, 44(2): 163–179, doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0612-x.
  37. Sidabutar T., Srimariana E.S., Wouthuyzen S., 2020. The potential role of eutrophication, tidal and climatic on the rise of algal bloom phenomenon in Jakarta Bay. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 012021, 429(1): 1–14, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/429/1/012021.
  38. Solovey T., 2008. Evaluation of potential eutrophication in running waters of the central Vistula catchment basin. Water-Environment-Rural Areas, 8, 1(22): 323–336.
  39. Sonarghare P.C., Masram S.C., Sonparote U.R., Khaparde K.P., Kharkate S.K., 2020. Causes and Effects of Eutrophication on Aquatic Life (A Review). International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, XI(SP2): 213–218, https://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11208/essence.20.11.SP2.147.
  40. Stanisławska-Glubiak E., Korzeniowska J., Hoffmann J., Kantek K., 2012. Increasing efficiency of phosphate rock by sulfur addition. Pt. 2. The impact of phosphate-sulfur fertilizers on the environment. Chemical Industry, 91(5): 1000–1005.
  41. Sveden L.M., Tornbjerg H., 2022. Assessment of sources of nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea in 2017. HELCOM, BSEP 187, 113 pp.
  42. Svendsen L.M., Gustafsson B., 2024. Waterborne nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and water flow to the Baltic Sea 1995–2022. HELCOM, 47 pp., https://helcom.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2024.
  43. Svendsen L.M., Gustafsson B., Larsen S.E., HELCOM, 2024. Inputs of nutrients to the sub-basins 1995–2022. HELCOM core indicator report. 56 pp., http://indicators.helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/or/HELCOM-Core-indicator-on-nutrients-1995-2022_PDF_March2025-1.pdf.
  44. The Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG) (15 Federal agencies of the US gov’t), 2001. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices GPO Item No. 0120-A; SuDocs No. A 57.6/2:EN 3/PT.653.
  45. Yang C., 2022. Review on the causes of eutrophication in water. ISEMSS, 687: 246–252, 10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_30.
  46. Zhang H., 2022. Lake management and eutrophication mitigation: coming down to earth-in situ monitoring, scientific management and well-organized collaboration are still crucial Water (Basel), 14, 2878, pp. 1–7.
  47. Zhang H., Chen J., Haffner G., 2023. Plateau Lake water quality and eutrophication: status and challenges. Water (Basel), 15(337): 1–6, doi: 10.3390/w15020337.
  48. Zheng L., Paul M.J., 2009. Effects of eutrophication on stream ecosystems. Tetratech Inc. (n-steps.tetratech-ffx.com/PDF&otherFiles/literature_review/Eutrophication%20effects% 20on%20streams.pdf).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cag-2025-0015 | Journal eISSN: 3071-740X | Journal ISSN: 2081-2787
Language: English
Page range: 169 - 183
Submitted on: Aug 18, 2025
|
Accepted on: Nov 28, 2025
|
Published on: Jan 31, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Alicja Pecio, published by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.