Keeping Land in Grass: Re-Enrollment Motivations with the Environmental Quality Incentive Program after the Conservation Reserve Program

Harp, Aaron J.; Maczko, Kristie

doi:10.2478/boku-2024-0002

Figures & Tables

CRP and EQIP final sample sizes by state_Tabelle 2_ CRP und EQIP endgültige Stichprobengrößen nach Bundesländern_

State	CRP	EQIP	Total
ND	139	35	174
SD	95	19	114
CO	27	18	45
MT	15	13	28
Other		25	25
Total	276	110	386

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents: “Following the end of your CRP/EQIP contract, how likely would you be to take any of the following actions?”Tabelle 4_ Deskriptive Statistiken für CRP- und EQIP-Teilnehmer “Wie wahrscheinlich ist es, dass Sie nach dem Ende Ihres CRP/EQIP-Vertrags eine der folgenden Maßnahmen ergreifen werden?”

Item	CRP			EQIP			Total

	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N
Convert the majority of this field to dryland crops	2.76	1.47	229	2.09	1.29	102	2.55	1.45	331
Convert the majority of this field to irrigated crops	1.28	0.74	215	1.26	0.74	102	1.28	0.74	317
Leave the majority of this field in grass	3.18	1.57	222	3.98	1.32	103	3.43	1.54	325
Sell the majority of this field	1.54	1.07	219	1.31	0.78	97	1.47	0.99	316
Enroll the majority of this field in another conservation program	3.37	1.48	242	3.50	1.13	102	3.41	1.39	344

Independent Samples Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements regarding agricultural practices and your role in agriculture_”Tabelle 9_ Unabhängige Stichproben Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen über landwirtschaftliche Praktiken und Ihrer Rolle in der Landwirtschaft zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen_”

					Cohen's r				Cliff's δ				Delaney & Vargha's A
	Wilcoxon W				95% CI				95% CI				95% CI
	n1	n2	W	p-value	r	Low	High	Effect Size	d	Low	High	Effect Size	A	Low	High	Effect Size
Farmers and ranchers have an obligation to protect the soil, water, plants, habitat, and fish and wildlife on their land.	269	107	15,386	0.2367	0.06	−0.04	0.16	small	0.07	−0.04	0.18	negligible	0.53	0.48	0.59	small
If you take care of the land, it will take care of you.	269	107	17,345	0.0004	0.18	0.09	0.27	small	0.21	0.10	0.31	small	0.60	0.54	0.65	small
All parts of the ecosystem, down to the microorganisms in the soil, are important for proper ecosystem functioning.	266	107	16,605	0.0048	0.14	0.05	0.24	small	0.17	0.05	0.28	small	0.58	0.52	0.64	small
Restored lands maximize both productivity and ecosystem function.	265	106	15,950	0.0250	0.11	0.01	0.22	small	0.14	0.01	0.26	negligible	0.57	0.50	0.63	small
Farmers and ranchers are only temporary trustees of the land, and it is their responsibility to take good care of it for future generations.	265	108	16,864	0.0023	0.16	0.06	0.25	small	0.18	0.07	0.28	small	0.59	0.54	0.64	small
The diversity of native plants and wildlife in an area is a sign of the quality of the natural environment.	266	108	15,501	0.1945	0.07	−0.04	0.17	small	0.08	−0.04	0.19	negligible	0.54	0.48	0.60	small
The quality of the land is positively influenced by the diversity of native plants and animals that live on and around it.	268	107	15,395	0.2339	0.06	−0.04	0.16	small	0.07	−0.14	0.19	negligible	0.54	0.47	0.60	small
Farmers and ranchers are masters of the land	267	107	14,596	0.7297	0.02	−0.09	0.12	small	0.02	−0.10	0.15	negligible	0.51	0.45	0.58	small
The needs of farmers and ranchers should take priority over the conservation of land.	268	106	14,014	0.8330	−0.01	−0.11	0.10	small	−0.01	−0.14	0.12	negligible	0.49	0.43	0.55	small
Farmers and ranchers have the right to use the soil, water, plants, and animals on their land in any way they see fit.	270	106	15,489	0.2010	0.07	−0.04	0.17	small	0.08	−0.05	0.21	negligible	0.54	0.48	0.61	small
The best use of land should be determined by the amount of profit that can be earned annually.	267	107	13,202	0.2328	−0.06	−0.16	0.04	small	−0.08	−0.20	0.05	negligible	0.46	0.40	0.52	small
Farmers and ranchers should focus on maximizing production on their land regardless of environmental costs.	269	107	13,072	0.1391	−0.08	−0.18	0.03	small	−0.09	−0.21	0.03	negligible	0.45	0.39	0.52	small
Because farmers' and ranchers' livelihoods depend on the land, they are the best stewards of the land.	266	107	16,852	0.0037	0.15	0.04	0.25	small	0.18	0.06	0.30	small	0.59	0.53	0.65	small
Grazing land is easier to maintain than farmland.	268	108	13,788	0.4537	−0.04	−0.14	0.07	small	−0.05	−0.17	0.08	negligible	0.48	0.41	0.54	small

Independent Samples Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements…”Tabelle 7_ Unabhängige Stichproben Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen…”

Item					Cohen's r				Cliff's δ				Delaney & Vargha's A
	Wilcoxon W				95% CI				95% CI				95% CI
	n1	n2	W	p-value	r	Low	High	Effect Size	d	Low	High	Effect Size	A	Low	High	Effect Size
I consider myself a steward of my property and feel a strong personal obligation to preserve its environmental qualities.	268	109	16,629	0.0064	0.14	0.04	0.23	small	0.14	0.05	0.23	negligible	0.57	0.52	0.61	medium
Working to maintain the environmental qualities of my property, such as improving soil health and native vegetation, is not always worth the time and effort.	266	109	14,844	0.6766	0.02	−0.08	0.12	small	0.03	−0.10	0.15	negligible	0.51	0.45	0.58	small
To me, maintaining the environmental qualities of my property is largely a matter of money; I wouldn't do it unless there was a financial reward.	263	108	14,502	0.7405	0.02	−0.09	0.11	small	0.02	−0.10	0.14	negligible	0.51	0.45	0.57	small
I prefer ranching to farming.	263	107	18,148	0.0000	0.23	0.14	0.32	small	0.29	0.17	0.40	small	0.64	0.59	0.71	medium
I would manage my property in exactly the same way with or without government incentives such as NRCS programs.	265	109	14,682	0.7953	0.01	−0.09	0.11	small	0.02	−0.11	0.14	negligible	0.51	0.45	0.57	small
I would feel guilty if I didn't succeed in conserving environmental qualities of my property.	263	109	16,531	0.0130	0.13	0.03	0.22	small	0.15	0.03	0.27	small	0.58	0.52	0.64	medium
Crop prices affect my management decisions for my property.	266	107	13,332	0.3183	−0.05	−0.15	0.06	small	−0.06	−0.19	0.06	negligible	0.47	0.41	0.53	small
Livestock prices affect my management decisions for my property.	249	108	17,221	0.0000	0.22	0.12	0.31	small	0.64	0.16	0.40	large	0.57	0.58	0.70	medium
It is unusual in my community to participate in programs like EQIP, CRP or CSP.	267	107	12,488	0.0445	−0.10	−0.20	−0.01	small	−0.13	−0.24	−0.01	negligible	0.44	0.38	0.49	small
The people around me I hold close (neighbors, family, friends, etc.) encouraged me to participate in programs such as EQIP.	267	108	16,602	0.0142	0.13	0.03	0.23	small	0.15	0.03	0.27	small	0.58	0.52	0.63	small
My family, and the practices we used when I was a child, strongly influence the practices I use today.	265	108	15,352	0.2507	0.06	−0.04	0.16	small	0.07	−0.05	0.19	negligible	0.54	0.47	0.60	small

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements…” Tabelle 6_ Deskriptive Statistiken für CRP- und EQIP-Teilnehmer: “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen…”

Item	CRP			EQIP			Total
Item	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N
I consider myself a steward of my property and feel a strong personal obligation to preserve its environmental qualities.	1.36	0.62	268	1.18	0.41	109	1.31	0.58	377
Working to maintain the environmental qualities of my property, such as improving soil health and native vegetation, is not always worth the time and effort.	3.38	1.30	266	3.29	1.39	109	3.35	1.33	375
To me, maintaining the environmental qualities of my property is largely a matter of money; I wouldn't do it unless there was a financial reward.	3.40	1.12	263	3.34	1.10	108	3.39	1.11	371
I prefer ranching to farming.	3.19	1.22	263	2.58	1.14	107	3.01	1.23	370
I would manage my property in exactly the same way with or without government incentives such as NRCS programs.	2.88	1.15	265	2.83	1.17	109	2.86	1.16	374
I would feel guilty if I didn't succeed in conserving environmental qualities of my property.	2.19	0.94	263	1.94	0.86	109	2.11	0.92	372
Crop prices affect my management decisions for my property.	2.50	1.10	266	2.62	1.11	107	2.54	1.10	373
Livestock prices affect my management decisions for my property.	3.16	1.20	249	2.56	1.15	108	2.98	1.22	357
It is unusual in my community to participate in programs like EQIP, CRP or CSP.	3.56	1.01	267	3.79	0.88	107	3.63	0.98	374
The people around me I hold close (neighbors, family, friends, etc.) encouraged me to participate in programs such as EQIP.	3.33	0.95	267	3.06	1.01	108	3.25	0.98	375
My family, and the practices we used when I was a child, strongly influence the practices I use today.	2.74	1.10	265	2.57	1.01	108	2.69	1.08	373

CRP Respondents: “Do you currently or have you ever participated in any of the following United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - sponsored conservation incentive programs? (Mark all that apply_)”Tabelle 3_ CRP-Befragte: “Nehmen Sie derzeit oder haben Sie in der Vergangenheit an einem der folgenden vom US-Landwirtschaftsministerium (USDA) geförderten Programm zur Förderung des Naturschutzes teilgenommen? (Markieren Sie alle zutreffenden Punkte_)”

Program		Yes, in the past	Yes, currently	Possibly in the future	No	Missing	Total
Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP)	Frequency	8	9	22	199	38	276
Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP)	Percent	2.9%	3.3%	8.0%	72.1%	13.8%	100.0%
Agricultural Land Easements (ALE)	Frequency	6	7	17	208	38	276
Agricultural Land Easements (ALE)	Percent	2.2%	2.5%	6.2%	75.4%	13.8%	100.0%
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP)	Frequency	14	15	38	172	37	276
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP)	Percent	5.1%	5.4%	13.8%	62.3%	13.4%	100.0%
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)	Frequency	49	18	30	141	38	276
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)	Percent	17.8%	6.5%	10.9%	51.1%	13.8%	100.0%
Wetland Reserve Easements (WRE)^*	Frequency	12	35	27	167	36	277
Wetland Reserve Easements (WRE)^*	Percent	4.3%	12.6%	9.7%	60.3%	13.0%	100.0%

Independent Samples Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Following the end of your CRP/EQIP contract, how likely would you be to take any of the following actions?” Tabelle 5_ Unabhängige Stichproben Wilcoxon W, Cohen's r, Cliff 's δ, Delaney & Vargha's A_ “Wie wahrscheinlich ist es, dass Sie nach dem Ende Ihres CRP/EQIP-Vertrags eine der folgenden Maßnahmen ergreifen werden?”

Item					Cohen's r				Cliff's δ				Delaney & Vargha's A
	Wilcoxon W				95% CI				95% CI				95% CI
	n1	n2	W	p-value	r	Low	High	Effect Size	d	Low	High	Effect Size	A	Low	High	Effect Size
Convert the majority of this field to dryland crops	229	102	14,590	<0.001	0.19	0.09	0.28	small	0.25	0.12	0.37	small	0.62	0.56	0.68	medium
Convert the majority of this field to irrigated crops	215	102	11,286	0.5209	0.03	−0.08	0.13	small	0.03	−0.06	0.12	negligible	0.51	0.47	0.56	small
Leave the majority of this field in grass	222	103	8,150	<0.001	−0.22	−0.31	−0.12	small	−0.29	−0.40	−0.16	small	0.36	0.30	0.42	small
Sell the majority of this field	219	97	11,606	0.0762	0.09	0.00	0.18	small	0.09	0.00	0.19	negligible	0.55	0.33	0.43	small
Enroll the majority of this field in another conservation program	242	102	12,288	0.9478	0.00	−0.09	0.08	small	0.00	−0.12	0.11	negligible	0.50	0.44	0.56	small

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents: “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements regarding agricultural practices and your role in agriculture_”Tabelle 8_ Deskriptive Statistik für CRP- und EQIP-Befragte_ “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen über landwirtschaftliche Praktiken und Ihre Rolle in der Landwirtschaft zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen_”

Item	CRP			EQIP			Total
Item	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N
Farmers and ranchers have an obligation to protect the soil, water, plants, habitat, and fish and wildlife on their land.	1.56	0.66	269	1.52	0.81	107	1.55	0.70	376
If you take care of the land, it will take care of you.	1.59	0.60	269	1.36	0.52	107	1.52	0.59	376
All parts of the ecosystem, down to the microorganisms in the soil, are important for proper ecosystem functioning.	1.64	0.66	266	1.44	0.60	107	1.58	0.65	373
Restored lands maximize both productivity and ecosystem function.	1.80	0.68	265	1.64	0.73	106	1.75	0.70	371
Farmers and ranchers are only temporary trustees of the land, and it is their responsibility to take good care of it for future generations.	1.62	0.71	265	1.40	0.63	108	1.56	0.69	373
The diversity of native plants and wildlife in an area is a sign of the quality of the natural environment.	1.82	0.84	266	1.70	0.79	108	1.79	0.82	374
The quality of the land is positively influenced by the diversity of native plants and animals that live on and around it.	1.94	0.92	268	1.79	0.81	107	1.90	0.89	375
Farmers and ranchers are masters of the land.	2.15	1.03	267	2.12	1.07	107	2.14	1.04	374
The needs of farmers and ranchers should take priority over the conservation of land.	2.99	0.99	268	3.00	1.12	106	2.99	1.03	374
Farmers and ranchers have the right to use the soil, water, plants, and animals on their land in any way they see fit.	2.94	1.15	270	2.77	1.33	106	2.90	1.20	376
The best use of land should be determined by the amount of profit that can be earned annually.	3.36	1.05	267	3.50	0.99	107	3.40	1.04	374
Farmers and ranchers should focus on maximizing production on their land regardless of environmental costs.	3.82	0.91	269	3.95	0.93	107	3.86	0.91	376
Because farmers' and ranchers' livelihoods depend on the land, they are the best stewards of the land.	2.44	1.10	266	2.10	1.10	107	2.34	1.11	373
Grazing land is easier to maintain than farmland.	2.71	0.96	268	2.80	1.09	108	2.73	1.00	376

One or More EQIP Practices in Use by Potential Respondents in EQIP Sample_Tabelle 1_ Eine oder mehrere EQIP-Praktiken, die von potenziellen Befragten in der EQIP-Stichprobe angewendet werden_

Practice	% of Potential Respondents
Vegetative Cover, Grass Already Established	36.1%
Permanent Wildlife Habitat, Non-easement	18.3%
Establish Permanent Native Grasses	14.8%
Wetland Restoration	10.3%
Establish Permanent Introduced Grass & Legume	5.7%
Safe Grass	2.7%
Duck Nesting Habitat	2.6%
Rare And Declining Habitat	1.7%
Farmable Wetlands Buffer	1.6%
Establish Permanent Vegetative Reduce Salinity, Non-easement	1.2%
Shelterbelt Establish, Non-easement	1.1%
Farmable Wetlands Program Wetland	0.9%
Wildlife Food Plot	0.7%
Establish Permanent Salt Tolerant Vegetative Cover, Non-easement	0.6%
Field Windbreak Non-easement	0.5%
Wetland Restoration Non-floodplain	0.5%
Multiple Wildlife Habitat Buffers	0.4%
Filter Strips	0.1%

Keeping Land in Grass: Re-Enrollment Motivations with the Environmental Quality Incentive Program after the Conservation Reserve Program

Figures & Tables

CRP and EQIP final sample sizes by state_Tabelle 2_ CRP und EQIP endgültige Stichprobengrößen nach Bundesländern_

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements…” Tabelle 6_ Deskriptive Statistiken für CRP- und EQIP-Teilnehmer: “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen…”

One or More EQIP Practices in Use by Potential Respondents in EQIP Sample_Tabelle 1_ Eine oder mehrere EQIP-Praktiken, die von potenziellen Befragten in der EQIP-Stichprobe angewendet werden_

Paradigm

My account

Keeping Land in Grass: Re-Enrollment Motivations with the Environmental Quality Incentive Program after the Conservation Reserve Program

Figures & Tables

CRP and EQIP final sample sizes by state_Tabelle 2_ CRP und EQIP endgültige Stichprobengrößen nach Bundesländern_

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements…” *Tabelle 6_ Deskriptive Statistiken für CRP- und EQIP-Teilnehmer: “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen…”*

One or More EQIP Practices in Use by Potential Respondents in EQIP Sample_Tabelle 1_ Eine oder mehrere EQIP-Praktiken, die von potenziellen Befragten in der EQIP-Stichprobe angewendet werden_

Descriptive Statistics for both CRP and EQIP respondents_ “Please indicate if you agree or disagree with the following statements…” Tabelle 6_ Deskriptive Statistiken für CRP- und EQIP-Teilnehmer: “Bitte geben Sie an, ob Sie den folgenden Aussagen zustimmen oder nicht zustimmen…”