References
- Alder, N.N., Pockman, W.T., Sperry, J.S., Nuismer, S., 1997. Use of centrifugal force in the study of xylem cavitation. Journal of Experimental Botany 48, 665–674.
- Beikircher, B., Mayr, S., 2016. Avoidance of harvesting and sampling artefacts in hydraulic analyses: a protocol tested on Malus domestica. Tree Physiology 36, 797–803.
- Brodersen, C.R., McElrone, A.J., Choat, B., Lee, E.F., Shackel, K.A., Matthews, M.A., 2013. In vivo visualizations of drought-induced embolism spread in Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiology 161, 1820–1829.
- Brodribb, T.J., Bowman, D.J., Nichols, S., Delzon, S., Burlett, R., 2010. Xylem function and growth rate interact to determine recovery rates after exposure to extreme water deficit. New Phytologist 188, 533–542.
- Brodribb, T.J., Carriqui, M., Delzon, S., Lucani, C., 2017. Optical measurement of stem xylem vulnerability. Plant Physiology 174, 2054–2061.
- Brodribb, T.J., Holbrook, N.M., 2003. Stomatal closure during leaf dehydration, correlation with other leaf physiological traits. Plant Physiology 132, 2166–2173.
- Canny, M.J., 1997. Vessel contents during transpiration – embolisms and refilling. American Journal of Botany 84, 1223–1230.
- Choat, B., Jansen, S., Brodribb, T.J., Cochard, H., Delzon, S., Bhaskar, R., Bucci, S.J., Field, T.S., et al., 2012. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491, 752–755.
- Cochard, H., 2002. A technique for measuring xylem hydraulic conductance under high negative pressures. Plant, Cell and Environment 25, 815–819.
- Cochard, H., Badel, E., Herbette, S., Delzon, S., Choat, B., Jansen, S., 2013. Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation: a critical review. Journal of Experimental Botany 64, 4779–4791.
- Cochard, H., Cruiziat, P., Tyree, M.T., 1992. Use of positive pressures to establish vulnerability curves. Plant Physiology 100, 205–209.
- Dixon, H.H., Joly, J., 1895. On the ascent of sap. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 186, 563–576.
- Ennajeh, M., Nouiri, M., Khemira, H., Cochard, H., 2011a. Improvement to the air-injection technique to estimate xylem vulnerability to cavitation. Trees - Structure and Function 25, 705–710.
- Ennajeh, M., Simões, F., Khemira, H., Cochard, H., 2011b. How reliable is the double-ended pressure sleeve technique for assessing xylem vulnerability to cavitation in woody angiosperms? Physiologia Plantarum 142, 205–210.
- Ganthaler, A., Mayr, S., 2021. Subalpine dwarf shrubs differ in vulnerability to xylem cavitation: An innovative staining approach enables new insights. Physiologia Plantarum 172, 2011–2021.
- Gleason, S., Westoby, M., Jansen, S., Choat, B., Hacke, U.G., Pratt, R.B., Bhaskar, R., Brodribb, T.J., et al., 2016. Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species. New Phytologist 209, 123–136.
- Hacke, U.G., Venturas, M.D., MacKinnon, E.D., Jacobsen, A.L., Sperry, J.S., Pratt, R.B., 2015. The standard centrifuge method accurately measures vulnerability curves of long-vesselled olive stems. New Phytologist 205, 116–127.
- Hartmann, H., Bastos, A., Das, A.J., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Hammond, W.M., Martínez-Vilalta, J., McDowell, N.G, Powers, J.S., Pugh, A.M.T., Ruthrof, K.X., Allen, C.D., 2022. Climate change risks to global forest health: emergence of unexpected events of elevated tree mortality worldwide. Annual Review of Plant Biology 73, 673–702.
- Hietz, P., Rosner, S., Sorz, J., Mayr, S., 2008. Comparison of methods to quantify loss of hydraulic conductivity in Norway spruce. Annals of Forest Science 65, 502–508.
- Hochberg, U., Herrera, J.C., Cochard, H., Badel, E., 2016. Short-time xylem relaxation results in reliable quantification of embolism in grapevine petioles and sheds new light on their hydraulic strategy. Tree Physiology 36, 748–755.
- Holbrook, N.M., Ahrens, E.T., Burns, M.J., Zwieniecki, M.A., 2001. In vivo observation of cavitation and embolism repair using magnetic resonance imaging. Plant Physiology 126, 27–31.
- Kattge, J., Boenisch, G., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I.C., Leadley, P., Tautenhahn., S., Werner, G.D.A., et al., 2020. TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access. Global Change Biology 26, 119–188.
- Kiorapostolou, N., Da Sois, L., Petruzzellis, F., Savi, T., Trifilò, P., Nardini, A., Petit, G., 2019. Vulnerability to xylem embolism correlates to wood parenchyma fraction in Angiosperms but not in Gymnosperms. Tree Physiology 39, 1675–1684.
- Kolb, K.J., Sperry, J.S., Lamont, B.B., 1996. A method for measuring xylem hydraulic conductance and embolism in entire root and shoot systems. Journal of Experimental Botany 47, 1805–1810.
- Lens, F., Gleason, S.M., Bortolami, G., Brodersen, C., Delzon, S., Jansen, S., 2022. Functional xylem characteristics associated with drought-induced embolism in angiosperms. New Phytologist 236, 2019–2036.
- Li, S., Lens, F., Espino, S., Karimi, Z., Klepsch, M., Schenk, H.J., Schmitt, M., Schuldt, B., Jansen, S., 2016. Intervessel pit membrane thickness as a key determinant of embolism resistance in angiosperm xylem. IAWA Journal 37, 152–171.
- Losso, A., Bär, A., Dämon, B., Dullin, C., Ganthaler, A., Petruzzellis, F., Savi, T., Tromba, G., Nardini, A., Mayr, S., Beikircher, B., 2019. Insights from in vivo micro-CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings. New Phytologist 221, 1831–1842.
- Losso, A., Nardini, A., Nolf, M., Mayr, S., 2016. Elevational trends in hydraulic efficiency and safety of Pinus cembra roots. Oecologia 180, 1091–1102.
- Maherali, H., Pockman, W.T., Jackson, R.B., 2004. Adaptive variation in the vulnerability of woody plants to xylem cavitation. Ecology 85, 2184–2199.
- Martinez, E.M., Cancela, J.J., Cuesta, T.S., Neira, X.X., 2011. Use of psychrometers in field measurements of plant material: accuracy and handling difficulties. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 9, 313–328.
- Meixner, M., Tomasella, M., Foerst, P., Windt, C.W., 2020. A small-scale MRI scanner and complementary imaging method to visualize and quantify xylem embolism formation. New Phytologist 226, 1517–1529.
- Milburn, J.A., Johnson, R.P.C., 1966. The conduction of sap: II. Detection of vibrations produced by sap cavitation in Ricinus xylem. Planta 69, 43–52.
- Nardini, A., Luglio, J., 2014. Leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: possible trade-offs and correlations with climate across three major biomes. Functional Ecology 28, 810–818.
- Netherer, S., 2022. Towards an improved understanding of bark beetle and other insect herbivore infestation in conifer forests. Die Bodenkultur 73, 135–151.
- Nolf, M., Beikircher, B., Rosner, S., Nolf, A., Mayr, S., 2015. Xylem cavitation resistance can be estimated based on time-dependent rate of acoustic emissions. New Phytologist 208, 625–632.
- Nolf, M., Lopez, R., Peters, J.M.R., Flavel, R.J., Koloadin, L.S., Young, I.M., Choat, B., 2017. Visualization of xylem embolism by X-ray microtomography: a direct test against hydraulic measurements. New Phtyologist 214, 890–898.
- Paligi, S.S., Link, R.M., Isasa, E., Bittencourt, P., Cabral, J.S., Jansen, S., Oliveira, R.S., Pereira, L., et al., 2023. Assessing the agreement between the pneumatic and the flow-centrifuge method for estimating xylem safety in temperate diffuse-porous tree species. Plant Biology, doi:10.1111/plb.13573.
- Rosner, S., Klein, A., Wimmer, R., Karlsson, B., 2006. Extraction of features from ultrasound acoustic emissions: a tool to assess the hydraulic vulnerability of Norway spruce trunkwood? New Phytologist 171, 105–116.
- Rosner, S., Nöbauer, S., Voggeneder, K., 2021. Ready for screening: Fast assessable hydraulic and anatomical proxies for vulnerability to cavitation of young conifer sapwood. Forests 12, 1104.
- Sack, L., Scoffoni, C., 2012. Measurement of leaf hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance and their responses to irradiance and dehydration using the evaporative flux methods (EFM). Journal of Visualized Experiments, e4179.
- Salleo, S., Hinckley, T.M., Kikuta, S.B., Lo Gullo, M.A., Weilgony, P., Yoon, T.M., Richter H., 1992. A method for inducing xylem embolism in situ: experiments with a field-grown tree. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, 491–497.
- Savi, T., Bertuzzi, S., Branca, S., Tretiach, M., Nardini, A., 2015. Drought-induced xylem cavitation and hydraulic deterioration: risk factors for urban trees under climate change? New Phytologist 205, 1106–1116.
- Savi, T., Love, V.L., Dal Borgo, A., Martellos, S., Nardini, A., 2017a. Morpho-anatomical and physiological traits in saplings of drought-tolerant Mediterranean woody species. Trees - Structure and Function 31, 1137–1148.
- Savi, T., Marin, M., Luglio, J., Petruzzellis, F., Mayr, S., Nardini, A., 2016. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability protects stem functionality under drought stress in Salvia officinalis. Functional Plant Biology 43, 370–379.
- Savi, T., Miotto, A., Petruzzellis, F., Losso, A., Pacilè, S., Tromba, G., Mayr, S., Nardini, A., 2017b. Drought-induced embolism in stems of sunflower: a comparison of in vivo micro-CT observations and destructive hydraulic measurements. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 120, 24–29.
- Savi, T., Tintner, J., Da Sois, L., Grabner, M., Petit, G., Rosner, S., 2019. The potential of Mid-Infrared spectroscopy for prediction of wood density and vulnerability to embolism in woody angiosperms. Tree Physiology 39, 503–510.
- Scholander, P.F., Bradstreet, E.D., Hemmingsen, E.A., Hammel, H.T., 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants: Negative hydrostatic pressure can be measured in plants. Science 148, 339–346.
- Schuster, A.C., Burghardt, M., Riedereravi, M., 2017. The ecophysiology of leaf cuticular transpiration: are cuticular water permeabilities adapted to ecological conditions? Journal of Experimental Botany 68, 5271–5279.
- Scoffoni, C., Albuquerque, C., Brodersen, C.R., Townes, S.V., John, G.P., Bartlett, M.K., Buckley, T.N., McElrone, A.J., Sack., L., 2017. Outside-xylem vulnerability, not xylem embolism, controls leaf hydraulic decline during dehydration. Plant Physiology 173, 1197–1210.
- Secchi, F., Pagliarani, C., Cavalletto, S., Petruzzellis, F., Tonel, G., Savi, T., Tromba, G., Obertino, M.M., Lovisolo, C., Nardini, A., Zwieniecki, M.A., 2021. Chemical inhibition of xylem cellular activity impedes the removal of drought-induced embolisms in poplar stems - new insights from micro-CT analysis. New Phytologist 229, 820–830.
- Sperry, J.S., Donnelly, J.R., Tyree, M.T., 1988. A method for measuring hydraulic conductivity and embolism in xylem. Plant, Cell and Environment 11, 35–40.
- Théroux-Rancourt, G., Herrera, J.C., Voggeneder, K., De Berardinis, F., Luijken, N., Nocker, L., Savi, T., Scheffknecht, S., et al., 2023. Analyzing anatomy over three dimensions unpacks the differences in mesophyll diffusive area between sun and shade Vitis vinifera leaves. AOB Plants, doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plad001.
- Torres-Ruiz, J.M., Cochard, H., Mayr, S., Beikircher, B., Diaz-Espejo, A., Rodriguez-Dominguez, C.M., Badel, E., Fernández, J.E., 2014. Vulnerability to cavitation in Olea europaea current-year shoots: further evidence of an open-vessel artefact associated with centrifuge and air-injection techniques. Physiologia Plantarum 152, 465–474.
- Torres-Ruiz, J.M., Jansen, S., Choat, B., Mc Elrone, A.J., Cochard, H., Brodribb, T.J., Badel, E., Burlett, R., Bouche, P.S., Brodersen, C.R., Li, S., Morris, H., Delzon, S., 2015. Direct X-ray microtomography observation confirms the induction of embolism upon xylem cutting under tension. Plant Physiology 167, 40–43.
- Trifilò, P., Raimondo, F., Lo Gullo, M.A., Barbera, P.M., Salleo, S., Nardini, A., 2014. Relax and refill: xylem rehydration prior to hydraulic measurements favours embolism repair in stems and generates artificially low PLC values. Plant, Cell and Environment 37, 2491–2499.
- Tyree, M.T., Ewers, F.W., 1991. The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants New Phtyologist 119, 345–360.
- Tyree, M.T., Sinclair, B., Lu, P., Granier, A., 1993. Whole shoot hydraulic resistance in Quercus species measured with a new high-pressure flowmeter. Annales Des Sciences Forestières 50, 417–423.
- Tyree, M.T., Sperry, J.S., 1989. Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology 40, 19–38.
- Tyree, M.T., Zimmermann, M.H., 2002. Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
- Urli, M., Porté, A.J., Cochard, H., Guengant, Y., Burlett, R., Delzon, S., 2013. Xylem embolism threshold for catastrophic hydraulic failure in angiosperm trees. Tree Physiology 33, 672–683.
- Venturas, M.D., Mac Kinnon, E.D., Jacobsen, A.L., Pratt, R.B., 2015. Excising stem samples under water at native tension does not induce xylem cavitation. Plant, Cell and Environment 38, 1060–1068.
- Venturas, M.D., Pratt, R.B., Jacobsen, A.L., Castro, V., Fickle, J.C., Hacke, U.G., 2019. Direct comparison of four methods to construct xylem vulnerability curves: Differences among techniques are linked to vessel network characteristics. Plant, Cell and Environment 42, 2422–2436.
- Venturas, M.D., Sperry, J.S., Hacke, U.G., 2017. Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 59, 356–389.
- Wang, R., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Cai, J., Tyree, M.T., 2014. Water relations of Robinia pseudoacacia L.: do vessels cavitate and refill diurnally or are R-shaped curves invalid in Robinia? Plant, Cell and Environment 37, 2667–2678.
- Wheeler, J.K., Huggett, B.A., Tofte, A.N., Rockwell, F.E., Holbrook, N.M., 2013. Cutting xylem under tension or supersaturated with gas can generate PLC and the appearance of rapid recovery from embolism. Plant, Cell and Environment 36, 1938–1949.
- Zwieniecki, M.A., Melcher, P.J., Ahrens, E.T., 2013. Analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of xylem refilling in Acer rubrum L. using magnetic resonance imaging. Frontiers in Plant Science 4, 165.