Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Supplemental Figure 1.

Supplemental Figure 2.

Supplemental Figure 3.

Supplemental Figure 4.

Harvests of cultivated crops and weeds per plant species and year for the different soil types and precipitation treatments in g m−2Tabelle 3_ Ernteertrag (g m−2) von Getreide, Zwischenfrucht und Beikräutern aus den Jahren 2017, 2018 und 2019 für die verschiedenen Bodentypen und Niederschlagsszenarien
| Crop (year) | Gleyic Phaeozem | Calcaric Phaeozem | Calcic Chernozem | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current | Predicted | Current | Predicted | Current | Predicted | |
| Spring wheat (2017) | 112 (19) | 35 (4) | 150 (38) | 73 (56) | 81 (19) | 33 (30) |
| Mustard (2017–2018) | 351 (38) | 360 (43) | 199 (63) | 177 (17) | 247 (88) | 351 (81) |
| Spring barley (2018) | 542 (56) | 352 (56) | 247 (104) | 145 (122) | 327 (68) | 249 (44) |
| Weed (2018) | 119 (47) | 104 (53) | 121 (36) | 100 (40) | 118 (88) | 70 (27) |
| Winter wheat (2019) | 953 (119) | 562 (118) | 456 (12) | 242 (83) | 625 (140) | 564 (37) |
| Weed (2019) | 12 (10) | 6 (7) | 33 (16) | 3 (0) | 35 (14) | 8 (9) |
Chemical and physical soil characteristics (n = 6) of gleyic Phaeozem (Pg), sandy calcaric Phaeozem (Ps), and calcic Chernozem (Ch) in the upper 10 cm_Ergänzungstabelle 1_ Chemische und physikalische Bodeneigenschaften (n = 6) des gleyic Phaeozem (Pg), des sandigen calcaric Phaeozem (Ps) und des calcic Chernozem (Ch) in den oberen 10 cm_
| Parameter | Pg | Ps | Ch |
|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 7.92 ± 0.04 | 7.93 ± 0.03 | 7.94 ± 0.03 |
| CaCO3 (%) | 29.0 ± 1.0 | 13.9 ± 0.4 | 20.9 ± 1.0 |
| Total organic C (%) | 2.32 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.12 | 2.91 ± 0.04 |
| Total N (%) | 0.211 ± 0.012 | 0.102 ± 0.005 | 0.227 ± 0.005 |
| Available N (mg/kg/7 d) | 57.9 ± 5.7 | 37.5 ± 5.5 | 59.2 ± 4.5 |
| Available P (mg/kg) | 62.5 ± 5.2 | 134.3 ± 3.8 | 81.0 ± 6.2 |
| Available K (mg/kg) | 82.02 ± 13.5 | 57.0 ± 8.5 | 73.5 ± 8.0 |
| CEC (cmolc/kg) | 25.9 ± 1.2 | 13.8 ± 0.4 | 28.9 ± 0.3 |
| Ca (% from CEC) | 76.5 ± 1.4 | 78.1 ± 0.7 | 78.4 ± 1.0 |
| Mg (% from CEC) | 19.8 ± 1.2 | 18.0 ± 0.6 | 18.6 ± 0.9 |
| K (% from CEC) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| Na (% from CEC) | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.3 |
| Aggregate stability (%) | 21.3 ± 5.5 | 23.2 ± 8.5 | 30.7 ± 6.8 |
Delta13C values of cultivated crops per plant species and year for the different soil types and precipitation treatments in ‰Tabelle 5_ Delta13C Werte der Kulturpflanzen pro Jahr für die verschiedenen Bodentypen und Niederschlagsszenarien in ‰
| Crop (year)/part | Gleyic Phaeozem | Calcaric Phaeozem | Calcic Chernozem | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current | Predicted | Current | Predicted | Current | Predicted | |
| Spring wheat (2017)/grain | −25.3 (0.6) | −23.6 (0.8) | −24.8 (0.8) | −23.7 (0.4) | −25.1 (1.0) | −24.4 (1.0) |
| Spring wheat (2017)/straw | −27.2 (1.0) | −26.0 (0.3) | −26.9 (0.3) | −26.0 (0.4) | −26.5 (0.6) | −25.5 (0.3) |
| Spring barley (2018)/grain | −27.1 (0.2) | −26.0 (0.3) | −25.2 (1.0) | −24.6 (0.7) | −27.9 (0.4) | −27.5 (0.3) |
| Spring barley (2018)/straw | n.d. | n.d. | −26.5 (0.3) | −25.7 (0.2) | −28.0 (0.3) | −27.1 (0.1) |
| Winter wheat (2019)/grain | −26.4 (0.1) | −24.6 (0.1) | −24.4 (0.1) | −23.6 (0.9) | −26.9 (0.8) | −25.1 (0.0) |
| Winter wheat (2019)/straw | −28.3 (0.8) | −27.5 (0.4) | −27.6 (0.5) | −26.7 (0.3) | −28.2 (0.4) | −27.6 (0.6) |
Three-way ANOVA tables of the overall impact of soil, precipitation, and year (2017, 2018, and 2019) on crop yield, carbon and nitrogen content, and carbon and nitrogen isotope signatureErgänzungstabelle 2_ 3-Wege-ANOVA-Tabellen der Auswirkungen von Boden, Niederschlag und Jahr (2017, 2018 und 2019) auf Ernteertrag, Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt sowie Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffisotopensignatur_
| Parameter | Unit | Soil | Precipitation | Year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p | F | p | p | ||
| Crop | g m−2 | 25.8/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 34.1/curr | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| - Grain | g m−2 | 30.9/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 42.9/curr | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| - Straw | g m−2 | 16.4/Pg | <0.001 | 20.5/curr | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Harvest index | 2.004 | 0.150 | 7.98/curr | 0.008 | 0.031 | |
| Weed** | g m−2 | 0.08 | 0.924 | 3.75 | 0.065 | <0.001 |
| Grain N | % | 0.76 | 0.474 | 0.60 | 0.444 | 0.005 |
| Straw N* | % | 0.79 | 0.461 | 12.3/pre | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Grain δ15N | ‰ | 40.3/Pg | <0.001 | 6.09/curr | 0.019 | <0.001 |
| Straw δ15N* | ‰ | 11.0/Ch | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.688 | <0.001 |
| Grain C | % | 4.19/PS, Ch | 0.024 | 0.248 | 0.662 | 0.061 |
| Straw C* | % | 5.94/PS | 0.006 | 0.50 | 0.485 | <0.001 |
| Grain δ13C | ‰ | 28.4/PS | <0.001 | 33.8/pre | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Straw δ13C* | ‰ | 10.2/PS | <0.001 | 38.7/pre | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Two-way ANOVA tables of the impact of soil and precipitation on yield, carbon and nitrogen content, and isotope signature of spring barley cultivated in 2018Ergänzungstabelle 4_ 2-Wege-ANOVA-Tabelle zum Einfluss von Boden und Niederschlag auf den Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt und die Isotopensignatur von Sommergerste (2018)
| Spring barley – harvest 23.07.2018 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Unit | Soil | Precipitation | ||
| F | p | F | p | ||
| Grain N | % | 0.24 | 0.792 | 3.11 | 0.103 |
| Straw N* | % | 7.71/PS | 0.024 | 1.76 | 0.221 |
| Grain δ15N | ‰ | 15.2/Pg | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.919 |
| Straw δ15N* | ‰ | 0.05 | 0.834 | 4.92 | 0.057 |
| Grain C | % | 1.39 | 0.286 | 0.46 | 0.512 |
| Straw C* | % | 7.11/PS | 0.028 | 0.76 | 0.409 |
| Grain δ13C | ‰ | 37.5/PS Pg | <0.001 | 7.15/pre | 0.020 |
| Straw δ13C* | ‰ | 117/PS | <0.001 | 40.5/pre | <0.001 |
Two-way ANOVA table of the impact of soil and precipitation on the plant biomass of cash and catch crops, grain yield, and weeds in the years 2017–2019Tabelle 4_ 2-Wege-ANOVA-Tabelle zum Einfluss von Boden und Niederschlag auf die Pflanzenbiomasse von Haupt- und Zwischenfrüchten, Ertrag und Beikräuter für die Jahre 2017 bis 2019
| Parameter | Unit | Soil | Precipitation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p | F | p | ||
| Spring wheat | g m−2 | 4.47/PS | 0.035 | 19.6/curr | <0.001 |
| - Grain | g m−2 | 2.60 | 0.115 | 12.8/curr | 0.004 |
| - Straw | g m−2 | 6.17/PS | 0.014 | 19.2/curr | <0.001 |
| Mustard | g m−2 | 12.0 | 0.001 | 1.14 | 0.306 |
| Spring barley | g m−2 | 12.4/Pg | 0.001 | 8.76/curr | 0.012 |
| - Grain | g m−2 | 12.2/Pg | 0.001 | 8.73/curr | 0.012 |
| - Straw | g m−2 | 4.09/Pg | 0.044 | 6.97/curr | 0.022 |
| Weed | g m−2 | 0.208 | 0.815 | 1.29 | 0.279 |
| Winter wheat | g m−2 | 18.6/Pg | <0.001 | 16.3/curr | 0.002 |
| - Grain | g m−2 | 28.6/Pg | <0.001 | 27.6/curr | <0.001 |
| - Straw | g m−2 | 14.3/Pg | <0.001 | 9.15/curr | 0.011 |
| Weed | g m−2 | 2.27 | 0.146 | 17.0/curr | 0.001 |
Two-way ANOVA table of the impact of soil and precipitation on carbon and nitrogen content and isotope signature of spring wheat and mustard cultivated in 2017Ergänzungstabelle 3_ 2-Wege-ANOVA-Tabelle zum Einfluss von Boden und Niederschlag auf den Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt und die Isotopensignatur von Sommerweizen und Senf (2017)
| Parameter | Unit | Soil | Precipitation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p | F | p | ||
| Spring wheat – harvest 20.07.2017 | |||||
| Grain N | % | 16.8/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 5.11/pre | 0.043 |
| Straw N | % | 13.4/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 9.65/pre | 0.009 |
| Grain δ15N | ‰ | 7.61/Pg | 0.007 | 4.46 | 0.056 |
| Straw δ15N | ‰ | 10.1/Pg, Ch | 0.003 | 2.78 | 0.121 |
| Grain C | % | 8.11/Pg, Ch | 0.006 | 0.61 | 0.450 |
| Straw C | % | 4.49 | 0.035 | 0.71 | 0.416 |
| Grain δ13C | ‰ | 0.61 | 0.561 | 8.83/pre | 0.012 |
| Straw δ13C | ‰ | 2.16 | 0.158 | 15.2/pre | 0.002 |
| Spring wheat – leaf 06.07.2017 | |||||
| Leaf N | % | 19.0/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 5.11/pre | 0.043 |
| Leaf δ15N | ‰ | 8.96/Pg | 0.004 | 14.0/curr | 0.003 |
| Leaf C | % | 0.088 | 0.916 | 3.97 | 0.070 |
| Leaf δ13C | ‰ | 2.13 | 0.161 | 30.8/pre | <0.001 |
| Mustard leaf 24.10.2017 | |||||
| Mustard N | % | 41.3/Pg | <0.001 | 17.1/pre | 0.003 |
| Mustard δ15N | ‰ | 0.52 | 0.609 | 1.52 | 0.241 |
| Mustard C | % | 3.59 | 0.063 | 4.50 | 0.057 |
| Mustard δ13C | ‰ | 0.65 | 0.538 | 4.18 | 0.064 |
Crop rotation and management of the lysimetersTabelle 1_ Fruchtfolge und Bewirtschaftung der Lysimeteranlage
| Crop | Sowing | Harvest | Crop residue management |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spring wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) cv. Floradur | 04.04.2017 | 20.07.2017 | Crop residues removed |
| White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) catch crop | 24.08.2017 | 07.03.2018 | Mustard residues were mulched and incorporated into the soil on 09.04.2018 |
| Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Cerbinetta) | 09.04.2018 | 23.07.2018 | Crop residues removed |
| Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Capo | 11.10.2018 | 03.07.2019 | Crop residues incorporated |
Application rates of N fertilizer in kg N ha−1 dependent on the soil type (calcaric Phaeozem - PS; calcic Chernozem – Ch; gleyic Phaeozem – Pg)Tabelle 2_ Stickstoffdüngung in kg N ha−1 angepasst an den Bodentyp (calcaric Phaeozem - PS; calcic Chernozem – Ch; gleyic Phaeozem – Pg)
| Fertilization date | Pg | Ps | Ch |
|---|---|---|---|
| 04.04.2017 | 55 | 40 | 55 |
| 08.05.2018 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| 20.03.2019 | 40 | 35 | 40 |
| 16.04.2019 | 65 | 45 | 65 |
| 16.05.2019 | 45 | 40 | 45 |
Two-way ANOVA tables of the impact of soil and precipitation on yield, carbon and nitrogen content, and isotope signature of winter wheat cultivated in 2019Ergänzungstabelle 5_ 2-Wege-ANOVA-Tabelle zum Einfluss von Boden und Niederschlag auf den Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt und die Isotopensignatur von Winterweizen (2019)
| Parameter | Winter wheat – harvest 03.07.2019 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | Soil | Precipitation | ||||
| F | p | F | p | |||
| Grain N | % | 0.77 | 0.488 | 0.41 | 0.536 | |
| Straw N | % | 2.10 | 0.166 | 4.92/pre | 0.047 | |
| Grain δ15N | ‰ | 36.8/Pg, Ch | <0.001 | 5.74/curr | 0.038 | |
| Straw δ15N | ‰ | 5.22/Pg | 0.023 | 0.17 | 0.688 | |
| Grain C | % | 91.6/Pg | <0.001 | 0.00 | 0.987 | |
| Straw C | % | 5.79/PS, Ch | 0.017 | 0.60 | 0.452 | |
| Grain δ13C | ‰ | 13.2/PS | 0.002 | 21.1/pre | 0.001 | |
| Straw δ13C | ‰ | 4.05/PS | 0.045 | 8.38/pre | 0.013 | |