Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Changes in boredom and affect during 10 minutes of exercise with music or aroma Cover

Changes in boredom and affect during 10 minutes of exercise with music or aroma

Open Access
|Oct 2026
Read online

References

  1. Audiffren, M., & André, N. (2019). The exercise–cognition relationship: A virtuous circle. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(4), 339–347. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.001.
  2. Barton, J., & Pretty, J. (2010). What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health- A multi-study analysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(10), 3947–3955. doi: 10.1021/es903183r.
  3. Bieleke, M., Wolff, W., Cremer, C., Kaisinger, F., & Goetz, T. (2025). “Why am I doing this anyway?” A control-value perspective on boredom in endurance sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 79, 102863. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102863.
  4. Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Fukuie, T., & Soya, H. (2016). Possible neurophysiological mechanisms for mild-exercise-enhanced executive function: An fNIRS neuroimaging study. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 5(5), 361–367. doi: 10.7600/jpfsm.5.361.
  5. Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Ochi, G., Sakairi, Y., Kato, M., Dan, I., & Soya, H. (2014). Positive effect of acute mild exercise on executive function via arousal-related prefrontal activations: An fNIRS study. NeuroImage, 98, 336–345. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.067.
  6. Chan, J. S. Y., Liu, G., Liang, D., Deng, K., Wu, J., & Yan, J. H. (2019). Special issue – therapeutic benefits of physical activity for mood: A systematic review on the effects of exercise intensity, duration, and modality. The Journal of Psychology, 153(1), 102–125. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1470487.
  7. Chang, Y., Ren, F., Li, R., Ai, J., Kao, S., & Etnier, J. (2025). Effects of acute exercise on cognitive function: A meta-review of 30 systematic reviews with meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 151(2), 240–259. doi: 10.1037/bul0000460.
  8. Fukuie, T., Inoue, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2025). Static stretching has an alleviating effect on cognitive fatigue due to cognitive work with visual display terminal. Sport Sciences for Health, 21, 2349–2359. doi: 10.1007/s11332-025-01450-6.
  9. Fukuie, T., Inoue, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2026). Flexibility exercise as a small first step for exercise habits and well-being: A cross-sectional study of japanese university students. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 10(3), 1–15. doi: 10.1080/24711616.2026.2629340.
  10. Fukuie, T., Suwabe, K., Kawase, S., Inoue, K., Yamaguchi, A., & Soya, H. (2025). Effect of clapping movement with groove rhythm on executive function: focusing on audiomotor entrainment. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 65(5), 606–613. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16236-6.
  11. Fukuie, T., Suwabe, K., Kawase, S., Shimizu, T., Ochi, G., Kuwamizu, R., Sakairi, Y., & Soya, H. (2022). Groove rhythm stimulates prefrontal cortex function in groove enjoyers. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 7377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11324-3.
  12. Fukuie, T., Suwabe, K., Kawase, S., Shimizu, T., Ochi, G., Kuwamizu, R., Sakairi, Y., & Soya, H. (2023). Groove rhythm enhances exercise impact on prefrontal cortex function in groove enjoyers. Neuroscience, 531, 117–129. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.039.
  13. Harris, S., & Bray, S. R. (2021). Mental fatigue, anticipated effort, and subjective valuations of exercising predict choice to exercise or not: A mixed-methods study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101924. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101924.
  14. Hoult, L., Longstaff, L., & Moss, M. (2019). Prolonged low-level exposure to the aroma of peppermint essential oil enhances aspects of cognition and mood in healthy adults. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(06), 1002–1012. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2019.106072.
  15. Lambourne, K., & Tomporowski, P. (2010). The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A meta-regression analysis. Brain Research, 1341, 12–24. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.091.
  16. Madison, G. (2006). Experiencing groove induced by music: Consistency and phenomenology. Music Perception, 24(2), 201–208. doi: 10.1525/mp.2006.24.2.201.
  17. Martarelli, C. S., Rewitz, K., & Wolff, W. (2026). An analysis of the associations between boredom, effort value, and exercise behavior. Performance Enhancement & Health, 14(1), 100396. doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100396.
  18. Matthews, T. E., Stupacher, J., & Vuust, P. (2023). The pleasurable urge to move to music through the lens of learning progress. Journal of Cognition, 6(1), 1–22. doi: 10.5334/joc.320.
  19. Meamarbashi, A., & Rajabi, A. (2013). The effects of peppermint on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 15. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-15.
  20. Miranda Neto, M., Meireles, A. C. F., Alcântara, M. A., de Magalhães Cordeiro, A. M. T., & Silva, A. S. (2023). Peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) increases time to exhaustion in runners. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(8), 3411–3422. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03235-4.
  21. Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., & Wesnes, K. (2008). Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by Aromas of Peppermint and Ylang-Ylang. International Journal of Neuroscience, 118(1), 59–77. doi: 10.1080/00207450601042094.
  22. Moss, M., & Oliver, L. (2012). Plasma 1,8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 103–113. doi: 10.1177/2045125312436573.
  23. Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M., & Griffin, M. (2005). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(5), 319–337. doi: 10.1080/09603120500155963.
  24. Sakairi, Y., Nakatsuka, K., & Shimizu, T. (2013). Development of the two-dimensional mood Scale for self-monitoring and self-regulation of momentary mood states. Japanese Psychological Research, 55(4), 338–349. doi: 10.1111/jpr.12021.
  25. Senn, O., Hoesl, F., Bechtold, T. A., Kilchenmann, L., Jerjen, R., & Witek, M. (2024). Null effect of perceived drum pattern complexity on the experience of groove. PLoS One, 19(11): e0311877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311877.
  26. Suwabe, K., Hyodo, K., Fukuie, T., Ochi, G., Inagaki, K., Sakairi, Y., & Soya, H. (2021). Positive mood while exercising influences beneficial effects of exercise with music on prefrontal executive function: A functional NIRS study. Neuroscience, 454, 61–71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.007.
  27. Wolff, W., Özay-Otgonbayar, S., Danckert, J., Bieleke, M., & Martarelli, C. S. (2025). Effort and boredom shape our experience of time. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 178, 106375. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106375.
  28. Wooller, J.-J., Barton, J., Gladwell, V. F., & Micklewright, D. (2016). Occlusion of sight, sound and smell during Green Exercise influences mood, perceived exertion and heart rate. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 26(3), 267–280. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2015.1109068.
  29. World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128.
  30. Yanagisawa, H., Dan, I., Tsuzuki, D., Kato, M., Okamoto, M., Kyutoku, Y., & Soya, H. (2010). Acute moderate exercise elicits increased dorsolateral prefrontal activation and improves cognitive performance with Stroop test. NeuroImage, 50(4), 1702–1710. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.023.
  31. Yeh, H.-P., Stone, J. A., Churchill, S. M., Wheat, J. S., Brymer, E., & Davids, K. (2016). Physical, psychological and emotional benefits of green physical activity: An ecological dynamics perspective. Sports Medicine, 46(7), 947–953. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0374-z.
  32. Zhang, M., Jia, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2023). Effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functions in healthy populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 92, 102116. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102116.
Language: English
Page range: 308 - 316
Submitted on: Jun 2, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 18, 2026
Published on: Oct 28, 2026
Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Takemune Fukuie, Koshiro Inoue, Masahiro Okamoto, Akihiko Yamaguchi, Hideaki Soya, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.