Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Parameter | Trial group | Control group | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51 (40–55) | 47 (40–52) | 0.015a |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.55 ± 4.70 | 4.55 ± 4.66 | 0.691b |
| RPG (mg/dL) | 180.7 ± 50.35 | 159.3 ± 32 | 0.272b |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.55 ± 1.18 | 7.93 ± 2.13 | 0.092b |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116 ± 6.99 | 114 ± 6.99 | 0.519b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.89 ± 3.56 | 26.67 ± 4.45 | 0.141b |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.20 ± 3.99 | 6.14 ± 1.15 | 0.148b |
| Adiponectin (pg/mL) | 456 (393–546) | 448 (400–695) | 0.631a |
| HOMA-β (%) | 103.79 ± 137.5 | 115.68 ± 127.89 | 0.450b |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 11.28 ± 6.17 | 18.35 ± 17.31 | 0.545a |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 20 | 20 | 0.709c |
| Hypertension (%) | 40 | 20 | 0.314c |
| Insulin usage (%) | 40 | 20 | 0.314c |
aMann–Whitney U test.
bIndependent t-test.
cFisher’s exact test.
RPG: random plasma glucose, SBP: systolic blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-β: homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function. Statistically significant at p < 0.05
Source: Author’s contribution.
Table 2
List of drugs used in trial and control groups
| Antidiabetic agents | Trial group n (%) | Control group n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin | 5 (50) | 3 (20) |
| Sulfonylureas | 3 (30) | 5 (50) |
| Biguanides | 3 (30) | 4 (40) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1 (10) | 1 (10) |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 3 (30) | 1 (10) |
Source: Author’s contribution.
Table 3
Changes in the parameters after 4 weeks of exercise
| Trial group | Control group | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | Pre | 23.89 ± 3.56 | 26.67 ± 4.45 | |
| Post | 24.89 ± 4.04 | 27.40 ± 5.32 | 0.250c | |
| p | 0.285a | 0.128b | ||
| BMI changes | 0.99 ± 2.33 | 0.73 ± 1.38 | 0.486c | |
| FPG (mmol/L) | Pre | 8.20 ± 3.99 | 6.14 ± 1.15 | |
| Post | 7.15 ± 2.28 | 5.06 ± 1.08 | 0.018c | |
| p | 0.029 b | 0.250b | ||
| Adiponectin (pg/mL) | Pre | 456 ± 31 | 466 ± 70 | |
| Post | 586.31 ± 87.79 | 471.79 ± 58.95 | 0.003c | |
| p | 0.377b | 0.942b | ||
| Adiponectin changes (pg/mL) | 129.99 (± 108.52) | 5.09 (± 104.64) | 0.017c | |
| HOMA-β (%) | Pre | 103.79 ± 137.5 | 115.68 ± 127.89 | |
| Post | 197.77 ± 245.60 | 343.38 ± 349.86 | 0.013c | |
| p | 0.027b | 0.006b | ||
| HOMA-β changes (%) | 93.98 ± 159.34 | 227.7 ± 284.08 | 0.076c | |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | Pre | 11.28 ± 6.18) | 11.03 ± 6.75 | |
| Post | 18.36 ± 17.31 | 14.03 ± 7.59 | 0.940b | |
| p | 0.245b | 0.057b | ||
| Insulin changes | 7.07 ± 12.99 | 3.0 ± 4.12 | 0.058c |
aWilcoxon signed-rank test.
bPaired t-test.
cIndependent t-test.
BMI: Body Mass Index, FPG: Fasting Plasma Glucose, HOMA-β: Homeostatic Model Assessment of β-cell function. Statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 1
Participant selection
Source: Author’s contribution.