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Moderate aerobic exercise increases adiponectin but not pancreatic β-cell function in men with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial Cover

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Moderate aerobic exercise increases adiponectin but not pancreatic β-cell function in men with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial

Biomedical Human Kinetics

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

By: Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko , Anugrahini Irawati , Jessica Leoni and Damayanti Tinduh

Open Access

|May 2026

Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Participant selection

Changes in the parameters after 4 weeks of exercise

		Trial group	Control group	p
BMI (kg/m²)	Pre	23.89 ± 3.56	26.67 ± 4.45
	Post	24.89 ± 4.04	27.40 ± 5.32	0.250^c
	p	0.285^a	0.128^b
BMI changes		0.99 ± 2.33	0.73 ± 1.38	0.486^c
FPG (mmol/L)	Pre	8.20 ± 3.99	6.14 ± 1.15
	Post	7.15 ± 2.28	5.06 ± 1.08	0.018^c
	p	0.029^b	0.250^b
Adiponectin (pg/mL)	Pre	456 ± 31	466 ± 70
	Post	586.31 ± 87.79	471.79 ± 58.95	0.003^c
	p	0.377^b	0.942^b
Adiponectin changes (pg/mL)		129.99 (± 108.52)	5.09 (± 104.64)	0.017^c
HOMA-β (%)	Pre	103.79 ± 137.5	115.68 ± 127.89
	Post	197.77 ± 245.60	343.38 ± 349.86	0.013^c
	p	0.027^b	0.006^b
HOMA-β changes (%)		93.98 ± 159.34	227.7 ± 284.08	0.076^c
Insulin (µU/mL)	Pre	11.28 ± 6.18)	11.03 ± 6.75
	Post	18.36 ± 17.31	14.03 ± 7.59	0.940^b
	p	0.245^b	0.057^b
Insulin changes		7.07 ± 12.99	3.0 ± 4.12	0.058^c

Baseline characteristics of the participants

Parameter	Trial group	Control group	p
Age (years)	51 (40–55)	47 (40–52)	0.015^a
Duration of diabetes (years)	5.55 ± 4.70	4.55 ± 4.66	0.691^b
RPG (mg/dL)	180.7 ± 50.35	159.3 ± 32	0.272^b
HbA1c (%)	6.55 ± 1.18	7.93 ± 2.13	0.092^b
SBP (mmHg)	116 ± 6.99	114 ± 6.99	0.519^b
BMI (kg/m²)	23.89 ± 3.56	26.67 ± 4.45	0.141^b
FPG (mmol/L)	8.20 ± 3.99	6.14 ± 1.15	0.148^b
Adiponectin (pg/mL)	456 (393–546)	448 (400–695)	0.631^a
HOMA-β (%)	103.79 ± 137.5	115.68 ± 127.89	0.450^b
Fasting insulin (µU/ml)	11.28 ± 6.17	18.35 ± 17.31	0.545^a
Dyslipidemia (%)	20	20	0.709^c
Hypertension (%)	40	20	0.314^c
Insulin usage (%)	40	20	0.314^c

List of drugs used in trial and control groups

Antidiabetic agents	Trial group n (%)	Control group n (%)
Insulin	5 (50)	3 (20)
Sulfonylureas	3 (30)	5 (50)
Biguanides	3 (30)	4 (40)
Thiazolidinediones	1 (10)	1 (10)
α-glucosidase inhibitors	3 (30)	1 (10)

Additional files

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2026-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2080-2234

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Language: English

Page range: 138 - 147

Submitted on: Aug 8, 2025

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Accepted on: Apr 7, 2026

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Published on: May 5, 2026

Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Related subjects:

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other,

Clinical medicine,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other,

Physical education

© 2026 Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko, Anugrahini Irawati, Jessica Leoni, Damayanti Tinduh, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

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