Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Comparison of surgical techniques for isthmocele repair[76–79]_
| Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages/Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Hysteroscopy | minimally invasive, short recovery time | does not increase RTM, limited to shallow niches |
| Laparoscopy | increasing RTM, removing affected tissue, better fertility results in some studies | requires general anesthesia, longer procedure and hospitalization time, longer recovery |
| Laparotomy | possible in case of large defects or adhesions when minimally invasive techniques are not possible | more invasive, higher risk of complications, longer recovery time |
| Transvaginal technique | good results in selected cases, minimal external scarring; increase RTM and fertility | less available, less clinical experience, may be technically more difficult in certain conditions |