Table 1.
Efficacy – summary of results
| Dose (mg) | Body weight reduction (%) | Liver fat reduction (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | –23.8% | –81.4% |
| 12 | –25.9% | –82.4% |
Table 2.
Comparison of the effects of GLP-1 agonists and GIP/GLP-1 analogues in obesity treatment – data from clinical trials.
| Drug | Dose | HbA1c Reduction (%) | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orlistat | 120 mg 3×/day | no effect | XENDOS |
| Liraglutide (Saxenda®) | 3 mg/day | 1.0–1.5% | SCALE |
| Semaglutide (Wegovy®) | 2.4 mg/week | 1.5–2.0% | STEP 1 |
| Dulaglutide | 1.5–4.5 mg/week | 1.0–1.5% | AWARD, REWIND |
| Tirzepatide (Zepbound®) | 5–15 mg/week | 2.0–2.4% | SURMOUNT-1, SURMOUNT-5 (2025) |
Figure 1.
Percentage weight loss in selected studies using GLP-1 agonists and GIP/GLP-1 analogues.
Source: Based on Wilding JPH et al. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:989–1002. PMID: 33567185; Jastreboff AM et al. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387:205–216. PMID: 35704300; Frias JP et al. Nature Med. 2023; 29:845–854. PMID: 37166354.
Table 3.
CoMparison of cardiometabolic effects of GLP-1 agonists and GIP/GLP-1 analogues.
| Drug | MACE reduction (%) | HR (vs placebo) | Clinical Trial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liraglutide | –13% | 0.87 | LEADER |
| Semaglutide | –26% | 0.74 | SUSTAIN-6 |
| Dulaglutide | –12% | 0.88 | REWIND |
| Tirzepatide | ongoing | n/a | SURPASS-CVOT |
1 Source: Author’s own elaboration based on: Marso SP et al. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:311–322. PMID: 27295427; Gerstein HC et al. Lancet. 2019; 394:121–130. PMID: 31118100; Jastreboff AM et al. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387:205–216. PMID: 35704300; Frias JP et al. Nature Med. 2023; 29:845–854. PMID: 37166354
Figure 2.
Effects of MACE reduction (%) in clinical trials using modern incretin mimetics
Orlistat was not studied in large randomized CVOTs, thus no data exist on its effect on MACE reduction. Tirzepatide is currently being evaluated in the SURPASS-CVOT study – results expected after 2025. Liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide have confirmed MACE reduction effects in dedicated clinical trials.
Source: Wilding JPH et al. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:989–1002. PMID: 33567185; Jastreboff AM et al. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387:205–216. PMID: 35704300; Frias JP et al. Nature Med. 2023; 29:845–854. PMID: 37166354.
Table 4.
Availability of GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 drugs in the EU and USA (as of 2025).
| Drug / Preparation | FDA | EMA | Poland – reimbursement DM2 | Poland – reimbursement obesity | Administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wegovy® (semaglutide) | ✔ (2021) | ✔ (2022) | ✔ | ✗ | s.c. 2.4 mg/week |
| Ozempic® (semaglutide) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | off-label | s.c. 0.25–2 mg |
| Rybelsus® (semaglutide) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | oral |
| Saxenda® (liraglutide) | ✔ (2014) | ✔ (2015) | ✗ | ✗ | s.c. 3 mg/day |
| Mounjaro® (tirzepatide) | ✔ (2022, DM2) | ✔ (DM2) | ✔ | ✗ | s.c. 5–15 mg/week |
| Zepbound® (tirzepatide) | ✔ (2023, obesity) | in procedure (2025) | ✔ (DM2) | ✗ |