Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder, the prevalence of which increases rapidly with the aging population. The pathogenesis of AD is based on the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau protein, leading to progressive neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and dementia. Modern diagnostic approaches focus on identifying disease biomarkers that enable their detection even before clinical symptoms appear. Simultaneously, intensive research on biological therapies has led to significant discoveries in the treatment of AD. Monoclonal antibodies, such as aducanumab, lec-anemab, and donanemab, have demonstrated the ability to reduce amyloid plaques in the brain; however, the clinical effects observed lag behind the magnitude of biomarker changes, and their impact on cognitive function remains a subject of debate. Additionally, therapies targeting tau protein, as well as new strategies like antisense oligonucleotides and immunotherapies, open new perspectives in the treatment of AD. Promising are also targeted therapies focused on microglial modulation and modern technologies for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. This article is a narrative literature review based on a search of the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and SCOPUS databases for the years 2018– 2025, and incorporates the latest research and future perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.