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Multipath Detection in GNSS Using Differential Corrections and Machine Learning-Based Classification Cover

Multipath Detection in GNSS Using Differential Corrections and Machine Learning-Based Classification

Open Access
|Feb 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

The workflow of proposed methods for multipath detection
The workflow of proposed methods for multipath detection

Figure 2.

Polarized antenna and u-blox receiver module
Polarized antenna and u-blox receiver module

Figure 3.

Data collection at an area between two buildings in our experiment
Data collection at an area between two buildings in our experiment

Figure 4.

Measuring the height and distance of the two buildings on two sides of the antenna
Measuring the height and distance of the two buildings on two sides of the antenna

Figure 5.

Skyplot indicated satellites’ azimuth and elevation
Skyplot indicated satellites’ azimuth and elevation

Classification on Data set 2 (Combined-Feature Vectors)

Macro F1 (%)Weighted F1 (%)Accuracy (%)
Decision Tree98.9799.0199.01
Random Forest99.7499.7599.75
Bagging99.4999.5099.50
Gradient Boosting99.4999.5099.50
SVM94.1294.3194.30
AdaBoost92.2292.4692.44

Image-based Classification with DGNSS-derived vector (Data set 1)

Macro F1 (%)Weighted F1 (%)Accuracy (%)
HOG + SVM68.9083.4385.34
CNN71.0885.1786.77

Classification on Data set 1 (Direct Vector Classification)

Macro F1 (%)Weighted F1 (%)Accuracy (%)
Decision Tree56.3474.7272.24
Random Forest63.3679.9678.81
Bagging63.0179.5478.19
Gradient Boosting63.0179.0677.32
SVM48.2158.9552.79
Ada Boosting52.7969.2364.56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2025-0009 | Journal eISSN: 2083-6104 | Journal ISSN: 1509-3859
Language: English
Page range: 161 - 180
Submitted on: Sep 3, 2025
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Accepted on: Dec 13, 2025
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Published on: Feb 12, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Ngoc Hung Pham, Dinh Thuan Nguyen, The Vinh La, Chinh Minh Nguyen, Hai Tung Ta, Van Hiep Hoang, published by Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Centre
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.