Long-term effects of stocking density on biofloc quality, growth performance, and physiological responses of red tilapia in a hypersaline groundwater biofloc system
References
- Abakari, G., Luo, G., Meng, H., Yang, Z., Owusu-Afriyie, G., Kombat, E. O., & Alhassan, E. H. (2020). The use of biochar in the production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a biofloc technology system – BFT. Aquacultural Engineering, 91, 102123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102123
- Abakari, G., Luo, G., & Kombat, E. O. (2021). Dynamics of nitrogenous compounds and their control in biofloc technology (BFT) systems: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 6(5), 441–447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2020.05.005
- Abdel-Rahim, M. M., Elhetawy, A. I. G., Shawky, W. A., El-Zaeem, S. Y., & El-Dahhar, A. A. (2024). Enhancing Florida red tilapia aquaculture: biofloc optimization improves water quality, pathogen bacterial control, fish health, immune response, and organ histopathology across varied groundwater salinities. Veterinary Research Communications, 48(5), 2989–3006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10433-w
- Abdel-Tawwab, M., Hagras, A. E., Elbaghdady, H. A. M., & Monier, M. N. (2015). Effects of dissolved oxygen and fish size on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.): growth performance, whole-body composition, and innate immunity. Aquaculture International, 23(5), 1261–1274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9882-y
- Abdel-Warith, A.-W. A., Younis, E. M., Al-Asgah, N. A., Gewaily, M. S., El-Tonoby, S. M., & Dawood, M. A. O. (2021). Role of fucoidan on the growth behavior and blood metabolites and toxic effects of atrazine in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Animals, 11(5), 1448. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1448
- Adineh, H., Naderi, M., Jafaryan, H., Khademi Hamidi, M., Yousefi, M., & Ahmadifar, E. (2022). Effect of stocking density and dietary protein level in biofloc system on the growth, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, health, and resistance to acute crowding stress in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022(1), 9344478. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9344478
- Agbasi, J. C., Abu, M., Pande, C. B., Uwajingba, H. C., Abba, S. I., & Egbueri, J. C. (2025). Groundwater salinization in coastal regions and the control mechanisms: insights for sustainable groundwater development and management. In P. Li, X. He, J. Wu, & V. Elumalai (Eds.), Sustainable Groundwater and Environment: Challenges and Solutions (pp. 165–191). Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82194-3_8
- Ahmad, I., Leya, T., Saharan, N., Asanaru Majeedkutty, B. R., Rathore, G., Gora, A. H., Bhat, I. A., & Verma, A. K. (2019). Carbon sources affect water quality and haemato-biochemical responses of Labeo rohita in zero-water exchange biofloc system. Aquaculture Research, 50(10), 2879–2887. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14241
- AOAC. (2016). AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists (20th ed.). Washington DC.
- Avnimelech, Y. (2009). Biofloc technology: a practical guide book. World Aquaculture Society.
- Azaza, M. S., Assad, A., Maghrbi, W., & El-Cafsi, M. (2013). The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Animal, 7(11), 1865–1874. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001493
- Barton, B. A. (2002). Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3), 517–525. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.517
- Bergmeyer, H.-U. (2012). Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol. 2. Elsevier.
- Bernfeld, P. (1955). Amylases, α and β. In Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 1, (pp. 149–158). Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(55)01021-5
- Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1), 248–254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
- Canosa, L. F., & Bertucci, J. I. (2023). The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control (Review). Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1109461. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1109461
- Croll, J. C., van Kooten, T., & de Roos, A. M. (2023). The consequences of density-dependent individual growth for sustainable harvesting and management of fish stocks. Fish and Fisheries, 24(3), 427–438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12736
- Dauda, A. B. (2020). Biofloc technology: a review on the microbial interactions, operational parameters and implications to disease and health management of cultured aquatic animals. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 1193–1210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12379
- Diao, W., Jia, R., Hou, Y., Dong, Y., Li, B., & Zhu, J. (2023). Effects of stocking density on the growth performance, physiological parameters, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in the integrated rice-fish farming system. Animals (Basel), 13(11), 13111721. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111721
- Doumas, B. T., Ard Watson, W., & Biggs, H. G. (1971). Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clinica Chimica Acta, 31(1), 87–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(71)90365-2
- Ebeling, J. M., Timmons, M. B., & Bisogni, J. J. (2006). Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 257(1), 346–358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019
- Ekasari, J., Angela, D., Waluyo, S. H., Bachtiar, T., Surawidjaja, E. H., Bossier, P., & De Schryver, P. (2014). The size of biofloc determines the nutritional composition and the nitrogen recovery by aquaculture animals. Aquaculture, 426–427, 105–111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.023
- El Basuini, M. F., Roshdi, E., Ali, T. E.-S., Zeid, S. M., Soliman, A. A., Gewaily, M. S., Teiba, I. I., Alhoshy, M., El-Bilawy, E. H., Mamdouh, I., & Shehata, A. I. (2025). Effects of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf aqueous extract on growth, immunity, and hypoxia tolerance in gray mullet (Liza ramada). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2025(1), 2381301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/anu/2381301
- El-Dahhar, A. A., Elhetawy, A. I. G., Shawky, W. A., El-Zaeem, S. Y., & Abdel-Rahim, M. M. (2024). Diverse carbon sources impact the biofloc system in brackish groundwater altering water quality, fish performance, immune status, antioxidants, plasma biochemistry, pathogenic bacterial load and organ histomorphology in Florida red tilapia. Aquaculture International, 32(7), 9225–9252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01613-1
- Ellis, A. E. (1990). Lysozyme assays. Techniques in Fish Immunology, 1, 101–103.
- Emerenciano, M. G. C., Martínez-Córdova, L. R., Martínez-Porchas, M., & Miranda-Baeza, A. (2017). Biofloc technology (BFT): a tool for water quality management in aquaculture. Water quality, 5, 92–109.
- Emerson, K., Russo, R. C., Lund, R. E., & Thurston, R. V. (1975). Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32(12), 2379–2383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-274
- Fawcett, J. K., & Scott, J. E. (1960). A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 13(2), 156–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.13.2.156
- Fuentes-Andraca, V. H., Ángeles Campos, S. C., Castillo-Juárez, H., Marin-Coria, E. J., Quintana-Casares, J. C., Domínguez-May, R., & Campos-Montes, G. R. (2025). Different stocking density effects on growth performance, muscle protein composition, and production cost of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles in on-growing stage in biofloc system. Aquaculture International, 33(3), 176. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-01860-w
- Habib, Y. J., Li, S., Alhoshy, M., Teiba, I. I., Zheng, X., El Basuini, M. F., & Shehata, A. I. (2026). Biofloc technology and immunological resilience in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): A mechanistic review. Comparative Immunology Reports, 10, 200272. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirep.2026.200272
- Haghparast, M. M., Alishahi, M., Ghorbanpour, M., & Shahriari, A. (2020). Evaluation of hemato-immunological parameters and stress indicators of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in different C/N ratio of biofloc system. Aquaculture International, 28(6), 2191–2206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00578-1
- Haridas, H., Verma, A. K., Rathore, G., Prakash, C., Sawant, P. B., & Babitha Rani, A. M. (2017). Enhanced growth and immuno-physiological response of genetically improved farmed tilapia in indoor biofloc units at different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research, 48(8), 4346–4355. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13256
- Hendricks, L. J. (1952). Erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin determinations for two species of suckers, genus Catostomus, from Colorado. Copeia, 1952(4), 265–266.
- Holhorea, P. G., Naya-Català, F., Belenguer, Á., Calduch-Giner, J. A., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2023). Understanding how high stocking densities and concurrent limited oxygen availability drive social cohesion and adaptive features in regulatory growth, antioxidant defense and lipid metabolism in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1272267. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1272267
- Jamal, M. T., Broom, M., Al-Mur, B. A., Al Harbi, M., Ghandourah, M., Al Otaibi, A., & Haque, M. F. (2020). Biofloc technology: emerging microbial biotechnology for the improvement of aquaculture productivity. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 69(4), 401–409. doi: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-049
- Khanjani, M. H., Mohammadi, A., & Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2024a). Water quality in biofloc technology (BFT): an applied review for an evolving aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 32(7), 9321–9374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01618-w
- Khanjani, M. H., Sharifinia, M., & Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2024b). Biofloc technology (BFT) in aquaculture: What goes right, what goes wrong? A scientific-based snapshot. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2024(1), 7496572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7496572
- Kumar, S., Srivastava, P. K., Kumar, V., & Seth, C. S. (2024). Biofloc technology: A sustainable approach towards wastewater utilization and fish production. Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 29(1), e12449. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12449
- Kumar, V., Roy, S., Behera, B. K., Swain, H. S., & Das, B. K. (2021). Biofloc microbiome with bioremediation and health benefits (review). Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 741164. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.741164
- Kumar, V., Swain, H. S., Vuong, P., Roy, S., Upadhyay, A., Malick, R. C., Bisai, K., Kaur, P., & Das, B. K. (2023). Microbial inoculums improve growth and health of Heteropneustes fossilis via biofloc-driven aquaculture. Microbial Cell Factories, 22(1), 106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02107-0
- Kumari, S., Harikrishna, V., Surasani, V. K. R., Balange, A. K., & Babitha Rani, A. M. (2021). Growth, biochemical indices and carcass quality of red tilapia reared in zero water discharge based biofloc system in various salinities using inland saline ground water. Aquaculture, 540, 736730. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736730
- Li, C., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Dai, L., Zhu, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). Optimized utilization of organic carbon in aquaculture biofloc systems: a review. Fishes, 8(9), 465. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090465
- Li, L., Shen, Y., Yang, W., Xu, X., & Li, J. (2021). Effect of different stocking densities on fish growth performance: A meta-analysis. Aquaculture, 544, 737152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737152
- Li, Z., Gao, Q., Dong, S., Dong, K., Xu, Y., Mei, Y., & Hou, Z. (2024). Effects of chronic stress from high stocking density in mariculture: evaluations of growth performance and lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biology, 13(4), 263. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13040263
- Liu, G., Ye, Z., Liu, D., Zhao, J., Sivaramasamy, E., Deng, Y., & Zhu, S. (2018). Influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune responses, antioxidant of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings in biofloc systems. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 81, 416–422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.047
- Liu, G., Verdegem, M., Ye, Z., Zhao, J., Xiao, J., Liu, X., Liang, Q., Xiang, K., & Zhu, S. (2025). Advancing aquaculture sustainability: a comprehensive review of biofloc technology trends, innovative research approaches, and future prospects. Reviews in Aquaculture, 17(1), e12970. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12970
- Liu, Z.-S., Zhang, L., Chen, W.-L., He, C.-F., Qian, X.-Y., Liu, W.-B., & Li, X.-F. (2024). Insights into the interaction between stocking density and feeding rate in fish Megalobrama ambylcephala based on growth performance, innate immunity, antioxidant activity, and the GH-IGF1 axis. Aquaculture, 580, 740355. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740355
- Long, L., Zhang, H., Ni, Q., Liu, H., Wu, F., & Wang, X. (2019). Effects of stocking density on growth, stress, and immune responses of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 219, 25–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.002
- Lushchak, V. I. (2011). Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, 101(1), 13–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006
- Magnadóttir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20(2), 137–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006
- Makled, S. O., Hamdan, A. M., & El-Sayed, A.-F. M. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation of a marine thermotolerant bacterium, Bacillus paralicheniformis SO-1, on growth performance and immune responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 25(4), 817–827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12899
- Marklund, S., & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47(3), 469–474.
- Mendes, R., Cardoso, C., & Pestana, C. (2009). Measurement of malondialdehyde in fish: A comparison study between HPLC methods and the traditional spectrophotometric test. Food Chemistry, 112(4), 1038–1045. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.052
- Metwaly, S., Nasr, H., Ahmed, K., & Fathi, M. (2025). Multifaceted stress response in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings: integrative analysis of salinity, ammonia, and stocking density effects on growth, physiology, and gene expression. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 51(1), 48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-025-01462-6
- Musie, W., & Gonfa, G. (2023). Fresh water resource, scarcity, water salinity challenges and possible remedies: A review. Heliyon, 9(8), e18685. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18685
- Nabi, N., Ahmed, I., Qadir, M., & Reshi, Q. M. (2025). Global aquaculture: scenarios and nutritional implications. In I. Ahmed & I. Ahmad (Eds.), Aquaculture: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition (pp. 121–137). Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92858-1_6
- Nakano, T., Sato, M., & Takeuchi, M. (1992). Glutathione peroxidase of fish. Journal of Food Science, 57(5), 1116–1119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb11276.x
- NRC. (2011). Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National academies press.
- Park, I., Gwon, H., Jung, Y., Kim, B., Ju, G., Sin, E., An, H. I., Bang, H. J., Yun, T., Lee, S. H., Lee, W., Jang, C. G., Lee, H. J., Kim, C. S., Lee, J., & Lee, S. (2025). Integrating allostasis and emerging technologies to study complex diseases. Communication Biology, 8(1), 1526. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08939-3
- Raza, B., Zheng, Z., & Yang, W. (2024). A review on biofloc system technology, history, types, and future economical perceptions in aquaculture. Animals, 14(10), 1489. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101489
- Reitman, S., & Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28(1), 56–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
- Said, M. M., & Taha, E. M. (2022). Biofloc effects on body composition, plasma protein, lipid profile, zooplankton community, and economics of Nile Tilapia fingerlings reared under different stocking densities. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 26(4), 593–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2022.252927
- Said, M. M., Abo-Al-Ela, H. G., El-Barbary, Y. A., Ahmed, O. M., & Dighiesh, H. S. (2024). Influence of stocking density on the growth, immune and physiological responses, and cultivation environment of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc systems. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61328-4
- Sallam, G. R., Shehata, A. I., Basuini, M. F. E., Habib, Y. J., Henish, S., Rahman, A. N. A., Hassan, Y. M., Fayed, W. M., El-Sayed, A.-F. M., & Aly, H. A. (2024). Integrated biofloc technology in red tilapia aquaculture: Salinity-dependent effects on water quality, parental stock physiology, reproduction, and immune responses. Aquaculture International, 32(7), 8731–8761. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01588-z
- Sallam, G. R., El Basuini, M. F., Alhoshy, M., Al-Absawey, M. A., Habib, Y. J., Elhetawy, A. I. G., Teiba, I. I., Abdel-Rahim, M. M., Abdelaty, B. S., Kashuit, A. A., Fayed, W. M., Mabrouk, H. A. H., & Shehata, A. I. (2025a). Strategic application of biofloc technology for optimizing physiological homeostasis and reproductive efficiency in red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) broodstock under long-term rearing conditions. Aquaculture International, 33(6), 464. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-02141-2
- Sallam, G. R., El Basuini, M. F. F., Amal F., Al-Absawey, M. A., Habib, Y. J., Mustafa, R. A., Fayed, W. M., El-Sayed, A.-F. M., & Shehata, A. I. (2025b). Salinity-dependent effects of integrated biofloc technology on reproductive performance, biological responses, and offspring quality in red tilapia aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 33(2), 135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01804-w
- Sallam, G. R., Hamdy, M., El Basuini, M. F., El-Zaeem, S. Y., Habib, Y. J., Fayed, W. M., Tefal, E., & Shehata, A. I. (2025c). Optimizing salinity and stocking density for red tilapia in zero-water-exchange biofloc system: integrated performance, physiological, and economic assessment. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 44127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28812-x
- Saraiva, J. L., Rachinas-Lopes, P., & Arechavala-Lopez, P. (2022). Finding the “golden stocking density”: A balance between fish welfare and farmers’ perspectives (Mini Review). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 930221. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.930221
- Schreck, C. B., & Tort, L. (2016). 1 - The concept of stress in fish. In C. B. Schreck, L. Tort, A. P. Farrell, & C. J. Brauner (Eds.), Fish Physiology, Vol. 35, (pp. 1–34). Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802728-8.00001-1
- Serafini, R. d. L., da Silva, B. C., Massago, H., da Silva, E., & Jatobá, A. (2025). Biofloc technology for Nile Tilapia fry: Technical and economic feasibility, solids control, and stocking density. Animals, 15(20), 2942. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202942
- Shaw, A. F. B. (1930). A direct method for counting the leukocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes of birds’s blood. The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 33(3), 833–835. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1700330326
- Shehata, A. I., El Basuini, M. F., Elmaghraby, A. M., Amer, A. A., Yousef, M. I., Hussein, A., Gewaily, M. S., Zhixun, G., & Li, S. (2026a). Dietary Monascus purpureus red dye enhances immune response, antioxidant defense, and growth in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 613, 743348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743348
- Shehata, A. I., Li, S., Habib, Y. J., Hasan Bakky, M. A., Rahman, A. N. A., & El Basuini, M. F. (2026b). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) application in aquaculture: a phytogenic powerhouse for health and sustainability – a comprehensive review. Annals of Animal Science, 26 1–24, doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0121
- Shourbela, R. M., El-Kholya, S. Z., & El-Fadadney, M. (2017). Consequences of high-density fish culture as monitored by growth, behavior and immune responses of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53(2), 45–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.267244
- Shourbela, R. M., Khatab, S. A., Hassan, M. M., Van Doan, H., & Dawood, M. A. O. (2021). The effect of stocking density and carbon sources on the oxidative status, and nonspecific immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc conditions. Animals, 11(1), 184. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010184
- Shovon, M. A. C., Mostafiz, R. B., Al Assi, A., & Rohli, R. V. (2025). Hydroclimatic extremes and aquaculture: a review of impact and response strategies. Aquaculture International, 33(6), 439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-02108-3
- Song, W., Jiang, Q., He, Y., Ma, B., Tang, Y., & Zhao, J. (2026). Crowding-induced physiological stress, not aggression, makes high stocking density more worthy of attention in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 616, 743700. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743700
- Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Dong, D., Li, M., Yang, X., Song, X., & Li, X. (2024). Effects of carbon source addition strategies on water quality, growth performance, and microbial community in shrimp BFT aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 578, 740027. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740027
- Taheri, M., Mousavi, S. M., Zanguee, N., & Mozanzadeh, M. T. (2025). The interactive effects of stocking density and salinity on growth, immune response, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and plasma biochemical parameters in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. Aquaculture International, 33(2), 146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-01830-2
- Tefal, E., Peñaranda, D. S., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Jauralde, I., Lagos, L., Moyano, F. J., & Jover-Cerdá, M. (2024). Feeding of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with organic ingredients replacing fish meal. Aquaculture, 592, 741257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741257
- Tort, L. (2011). Stress and immune modulation in fish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 35(12), 1366–1375. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2011.07.002
- Trenzado, C. E., Carmona, R., Merino, R., García-Gallego, M., Furné, M., Domezain, A., & Sanz, A. (2018). Effect of dietary lipid content and stocking density on digestive enzymes profile and intestinal histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 497, 10–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.031
- Uribe, C., Folch, H., Enriquez, R., & Moran, G. (2011). Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 56(10), 486–503. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17221/3294-VETMED
- van Kampen, E. J., & Zijlstra, W. G. (1961). Standardization of hemoglobinometry II. The hemiglobincyanide method. Clinica Chimica Acta, 6(4), 538–544. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(61)90145-0
- Versaw, W. K., Cuppett, S. L., Winters, D. D., & Williams, L. E. (1989). An improved colorimetric assay for bacterial lipase in nonfat dry milk. Journal of Food Science, 54(6), 1557–1558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb05159.x
- Vindas, M. A., Fokos, S., Pavlidis, M., Höglund, E., Dionysopoulou, S., Ebbesson, L. O. E., Papandroulakis, N., & Dermon, C. R. (2018). Early life stress induces long-term changes in limbic areas of a teleost fish: the role of catecholamine systems in stress coping. Scientific Reports, 8, 5638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23950-x
- Walter, H. E. (1984). Proteases and their inhibitors. 2. 15. 2 Method with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrate. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 270–277. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571698599309827584
- Xu, W.-J., Morris, T. C., & Samocha, T. M. (2016). Effects of C/N ratio on biofloc development, water quality, and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in a biofloc-based, high-density, zero-exchange, outdoor tank system. Aquaculture, 453, 169–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.11.021
- Xu, W., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., & Cao, Y. (2025). Effect of stocking density on water quality, harmful nitrogen control, and production performance of Penaeus vannamei in biofloc-based systems with limited water exchange. Fishes, 10(7), 326. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070326
- Yarahmadi, P., Miandare, H. K., Fayaz, S., & Caipang, C. M. A. (2016). Increased stocking density causes changes in expression of selected stress- and immune-related genes, humoral innate immune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 48, 43–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.007
- Yengkokpam, S., Das, B. K., Debnath, D., Das, P., Yadav, A. K., Sharma, N., Borah, S., Singh, N. S., Sarma, K. K., Ray, B. C., Kakati, A., & Bhattacharjya, B. K. (2020). Effect of stocking density on growth and yield of Labeo bata fingerlings reared in cages. Aquaculture Reports, 18, 100506. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100506
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2027-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 (formerly 1642-3402) | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 1, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 19, 2026
Published on: Oct 28, 2026
Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Ghada R. Sallam, Amany M. Hendy, Mohamed Hamdy, Eslam Tefal, Samy Y. El-Zaeem, Yusuf Jibril Habib, Walied M. Fayed, Mohammed F. El Basuini, Akram Ismael Shehata, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.