The effects of defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (ECBSFL and OSBSFL) as fish meal alternatives in the diet of Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

T. Bhuvaneshwaran; Narottam Prasad Sahu; Naseemashahul Shamna; Parimal Sardar; Muralidhar P. Ande; Karthireddy Syamala; Shivali Sugund; Siddharth Sharma; Nisha Chuphal; N. Raghuvaran; Samrat Kumar Nirala

doi:10.2478/aoas-2025-0133

Table 1.

Formulation and proximate composition of experimental diets fed to Penaeus vannamei juveniles for 60 days

Ingredients composition (g/kg)	Diet/Treatments¹
Ingredients composition (g/kg)	control	ECBSFL_25%	ECBSFL_50%	ECBSFL_75%	ECBSFL_100%	OSBSFL_25%	OSBSFL_50%	OSBSFL_75%	OSBSFL_100%
Fish meal	250.00	187.50	125.00	62.50	0.00	187.50	125.00	62.50	0.00
DBSFL²	0.00	62.50	125.00	187.50	250.00	62.50	125.00	187.50	250.00
SBM³	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00	145.00
GNOC⁴	140.00	155.00	170.00	186.00	202.80	165.00	185.00	208.00	233.00
Wheat flour	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Maize flour	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00
DORB⁵	238.30	218.80	200.10	181.05	161.25	208.80	185.10	161.30	133.30
Fish oil	7.00	10.00	12.50	14.50	16.50	10.00	12.50	13.00	15.00
Soybean oil	3.50	5.00	6.20	7.25	8.25	5.00	6.20	6.50	7.50
BHT⁶	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Vit-Min mix⁷	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50	15.50
Cholesterol	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
CMC⁸	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
Choline	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
chloride
Soy lecithin	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Total	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00
Proximate composition (on % dry matter basis)
Dry matter	90.84	90.21	89.15	89.8	89.96	90.18	90.75	90.74	90.68
Crude protein	36.16	36.25	35.99	36.39	35.86	36.15	36.16	35.96	36.23
Ether extract	6.12	6.08	6.03	5.97	6.13	6.03	6.14	6.01	6.10
Crude fiber	4.89	4.97	5.05	5.16	5.21	4.98	5.01	5.17	5.22
Total ash	9.79	9.35	9.33	9.68	9.34	9.39	9.39	9.09	9.13
NFE⁹	43.04	43.35	43.6	42.8	43.46	43.45	43.3	43.77	43.32
GE¹⁰ (MJ/kg)	19.39	19.46	19.44	19.39	19.45	19.44	19.46	19.47	19.50
DE¹¹ (MJ/Kg).	15.55	15.60	15.78	15.49	15.57	15.58	15.60	15.59	15.60
P:E¹² (mg protein/KJ DE)	23.25	23.23	23.08	23.48	23.01	23.20	23.18	23.04	23.23

Proximate composition is expressed as the mean of triplicate.

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

2 DBSFL, defatted black soldier fly larvae meal;

3 SBM, defatted soybean meal;

4 GNOC, groundnut oil cake;

5 DORB, de-oiled rice bran;

6 BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene;

7 Composition of vitamin-mineral mix (PRE-MIX PLUS) (quantity/kg): vitamin A, 5,500,000 IU; vitamin D₃, 1,100,000 IU; vitamin B₂, 2,000 mg; vitamin E, 750 mg; vitamin K, 1,000 mg; vitamin B₆, 1,000 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 6 mg; calcium pantothenate, 2,500 mg; nicotinamide, 10 g; Choline chloride, 150 g; Mn, 27,000 mg; I, 1,000 mg; Fe, 7,500 mg; Zn, 5,000 mg; Cu, 2,000 mg; Co, 450 L-lysine, 10 g; dL-methionine, 10 g; selenium 125 mg; vitamin C, 2,500 mg;

8 CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.

9 NFE, nitrogen-free extract;

10 GE, gross energy;

11 DE, digestible energy;

12 P:E, protein to energy ratio.

Table 2.

Amino acid composition (on dry matter basis) of full-fatted and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (ECBSFL and OSBSFL)

Amino acids (%)	BSFL meal
Amino acids (%)	full-fatted ECBSFL meal	defatted ECBSFL meal	full-fatted OSBSFL meal	defatted OSBSFL meal
Arginine	3.45	2.85	3.22	0.88
Histidine	0.87	0.92	0.72	1.44
Leucine	2.13	2.22	1.97	2.09
Isoleucine	1.43	1.59	1.33	1.45
Lysine	2.09	2.00	1.90	2.03
Methionine	1.70	0.73	0.52	0.56
Phenylalanine	1.23	1.27	1.10	1.18
Threonine	1.11	3.61	1.02	1.59
Valine	1.92	2.15	1.84	1.97
Alanine	1.50	1.85	1.41	1.49
Aspartic acid	1.77	2.02	1.66	1.90
Cystine	0.33	0.49	0.09	0.37
Glutamic acid	4.19	4.63	3.89	4.27
Glycine	1.61	1.76	1.58	1.65
Proline	2.68	3.65	2.08	4.53
Serine	1.22	1.42	1.13	1.30

[i] Abbreviation: BSFL, black soldier fly larvae; ECBSFL, controlled environment system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae; OSBSFL, open system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae.

Table 3.

Fatty acid composition (on dry matter basis) of full-fatted and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (ECBSFL and OSBSFL)

Fatty acids (%)	BSFL meal
Fatty acids (%)	full-fatted ECBSFL meal	defatted ECBSFL meal	full-fatted OSBSFL meal	defatted OSBSFL meal
C10:0	1.83	BLQ	1.13	0.83
C12:0	63.08	47.95	49.22	54.33
C14:0	9.92	8.41	8.53	10.71
C16:0	11.37	20.10	15.19	22.41
C16:1(n-7)	5.55	7.58	1.83	0.96
C18:0	0.79	BLQ	0.69	1.3
C18:1(n-9)	4.44	10.13	15.41	5.85
C18:2(n-6)	1.64	5.83	7.84	BLQ
C18:3(n-3)	0.19	BLQ	BLQ	3.61
C20:4(n-6)	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ
C20:5(n-3)	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ
C22:6(n-3)	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ
ΣSFA	87.43	76.46	74.83	89.58
ΣMUFA	10.74	17.71	17.33	6.81
ΣPUFA	1.83	5.83	7.84	3.61
Σn-3 PUFA	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ
Σn-6 PUFA	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ

[i] Abbreviation: BSFL, black soldier fly larvae; ECBSFL, controlled environment system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae; OSBSFL, open system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae; BLQ, below the limit of quantification; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Table 4.

Amino acid composition (on dry matter basis) of experimental diets fed to Penaeus vannamei juveniles for 60 days

Amino acid (%)	Diet/Treatments¹
Amino acid (%)	control	ECBSFL_25%	ECBSFL_50%	ECBSFL_75%	ECBSFL_100%	OSBSFL_25%	OSBSFL_50%	OSBSFL_75%	OSBSFL_100%
Arginine	2.95	2.84	2.98	2.91	2.74	2.86	2.67	2.52	2.37
Histidine	1.02	0.97	0.91	0.86	1.05	1.00	0.86	0.75	0.65
Isoleucine	1.39	1.32	1.26	1.19	1.43	1.32	1.02	0.86	0.71
Leucine	2.39	2.25	2.12	1.99	2.46	2.26	1.86	1.60	1.35
Lysine	2.03	1.90	1.76	1.63	1.54	1.91	1.56	1.31	1.06
Methionine	0.74	0.67	0.61	0.54	0.71	0.66	0.55	0.43	0.32
Phenylalanine	2.03	1.98	1.93	1.88	1.76	1.99	1.80	1.68	1.57
Threonine	1.20	1.27	1.34	1.41	1.20	1.15	0.99	0.84	0.69
Valine	2.29	2.25	2.20	2.15	2.35	2.24	1.91	1.73	1.56
Tyrosine	0.97	0.87	0.76	0.66	1.01	0.88	0.85	0.75	0.65
Cystine	0.36	0.35	0.35	0.34	0.36	0.32	0.34	0.31	0.27
Alanine	1.33	1.32	1.32	1.31	1.38	1.31	1.29	1.26	1.24
aspartic acid	2.70	2.62	2.54	2.46	2.89	2.64	2.57	2.52	2.46
Glycine	2.04	1.91	1.79	1.66	2.13	1.92	1.80	1.68	1.56
Glutamic	6.58	6.19	5.81	5.43	6.92	6.23	5.85	5.50	5.15
Proline	1.80	1.86	1.93	1.99	1.88	1.93	2.06	2.19	2.32
Serine	1.47	1.43	1.40	1.36	1.54	1.44	1.40	1.37	1.34

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

Abbreviation: ECBSFL, controlled environment system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae meal; OSBSFLM, open system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae meal.

Table 5.

Fatty acid composition (on dry matter basis) of experimental diets fed to Penaeus vannamei juveniles for 60 days

Fatty acids (%)	Diets/Treatments¹
Fatty acids (%)	control	ECBSFL_25%	ECBSFL_50%	ECBSFL_75%	ECBSFL_100%	OSBSFL_25%	OSBSFL_50%	OSBSFL_75%	OSBSFL_100%
C12:0	1.07	1.48	1.36	1.21	1.41	1.15	1.99	2.58	2.37
C14:0	2.12	3.14	4.16	4.09	4.24	4.39	4.77	3.9	4.28
C16:0	15.73	20.83	18.18	18.05	17.21	19.61	19.95	18.93	18.84
C16:1(n-7)	4.84	4.43	4.21	4.16	4.12	4.5	4.09	3.51	4.23
C18:0	3.02	4.99	4.78	4.06	3.68	4.78	4.5	3.94	4.02
C18:1(n-9)	25.62	23.71	24.75	27.52	29.11	24.59	25.45	26.01	27.16
C18:2(n-6)	24.97	21.66	23.65	25.85	27.06	22.31	23.01	23.78	23.21
C18:3(n-3)	2.12	1.95	1.93	2.00	1.8	1.73	1.78	1.52	1.37
C20:4(n-6)	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ
C20:5(n-3)	5.24	5.44	5.35	5.01	4.61	5.98	5.16	4.24	4.65
C22:6(n-3)	4.52	4.59	2.58	2.66	1.59	4.8	3.63	2.38	2.47
ΣSFA	27.93	36.41	32.64	31.45	30.47	34.45	35.45	33.19	31.87
ΣMUFA	30.42	28.14	28.96	32.33	33.92	29.89	30.25	34.33	32.57
ΣPUFA	36.85	34.48	33.51	36.22	35.7	35.66	34.3	32.48	31.7
ΣUSFA	67.31	63.44	62.47	68.12	69.62	65.55	64.55	66.81	63.09
Σn-3 PUFA	11.88	11.82	9.86	9.67	8.00	12.51	10.42	8.06	8.49
Σn-6 PUFA	24.97	21.82	23.72	25.95	27.06	22.31	23.16	23.85	23.21

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

Abbreviation: ECBSFL, controlled environment system-raised defatted black soldier fly larvae meal; OSBSFLM, open system-raised defatted black; BLQ, below limit of quantification; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Table 6.

Whole-body proximate composition (on % wet weight basis) of Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for 60 days

Treatments¹	Moisture	Protein	Ether extract	Total ash
Control	75.99±0.06	15.93±0.07	1.83±0.01	3.19±0.02
ECBSFL_25%	75.97±0.08	15.74±0.06	1.81±0.02	3.23±0.03
ECBSFL_50%	75.63±0.34	15.9±0.26	1.83±0.03	3.36±0.07
ECBSFL_75%	75.06±0.44	16.7±0.34	1.88±0.03	3.36±0.10
ECBSFL_100%	75.13±0.29	15.74±0.21	1.89±0.02	3.28±0.07
OSBSFL_25%	75.11±0.53	15.93±0.31	1.90±0.04	3.38±0.12
OSBSFL_50%	74.83±0.55	15.86±0.31	1.90±0.04	3.32±0.11
OSBSFL_75%	75.44±0.41	15.29±0.33	1.86±0.03	3.28±0.11
OSBSFL_100%	75.28±0.37	15.39±0.17	1.90±0.03	3.33±0.02
P-value	0.370	0.049	0.246	0.735

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

Table 7.

Growth, feed and nutrient utilization and survival of Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for the period of 60 days

Treatments¹	Initial body weight (g)	Final body weight (g)	Weight gain (%)	SGR²	TGC³	FCR²	PER⁴	LER⁵	Survival (%)
Control	2.12±0.00	17.17±0.09 b	707.87±4.02 b	3.48±0.006 b	1.89±0.00 b	1.49±0.01 c	1.12±0.01 b	6.7±0.04 b	86.66±3.33
ECBSFL_25%	2.12±0.00	17.23±0.08 b	711.15±4.31 b	3.49±0.008 b	1.89±0.00 b	1.48±0.00 c	1.12±0.01 b	6.74±0.04 b	85.00±2.88
ECBSFL_50%	2.12±0.00	17.53±0.12 b	725.19±5.68 b	3.51±0.012 b	1.91±0.00 b	1.45±0.01 c	1.15±0.01 b	6.88±0.05 b	88.33±2.20
ECBSFL_75%	2.12±0.00	18.43±0.11 a	773.22±8.21 a	3.61±0.017 a	1.95±0.01 a	1.36±0.01 c	1.22±0.01 a	7.28±0.05 a	87.50±2.50
ECBSFL_100%	2.12±0.00	15.63±0.17 c	626.68±11.43 c	3.30±0.027 c	1.81±0.01 c	1.68±0.02 b	0.99±0.02 c	6.03±0.08 c	78.33±6.29
OSBSFL_25%	2.12±0.00	17.26±0.03 b	711.62±1.74 b	3.49±0.003 b	1.9±0.00 b	1.48±0.00 c	1.12±0.00 b	6.77±0.02 b	89.17±2.20
OSBSFL_50%	2.12±0.00	17.17±0.15 b	708.65±6.93 b	3.48±0.015 b	1.89±0.01 b	1.49±0.01 c	1.12±0.01 b	6.72±0.07 b	75.01±4.50
OSBSFL_75%	2.11±0.00	15.27±0.14 cd	612.67±8.11 cd	3.27±0.020 cd	1.79±0.01 d	1.72±0.23 ab	0.97±0.01 cd	5.86±0.07 d	81.26±3.00
OSBSFL_100%	2.12±0.00	14.90±0.17 d	601.18±8.14 d	3.25±0.020 d	1.77±0.01 d	1.75±0.26 a	0.95±0.01 d	5.7±0.08 d	71.66±4.40
P-value	0.415	0.006	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.052

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3)

Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

2 SGR, specific growth rate, unit is %/day;

3 TGC, thermal growth coefficient, unit is %/day/°C;

4 FCR, feed conversion ratio,

5 PER, protein efficiency ratio,

6 LER, lipid efficiency ratio.

Table 8.

Activities of hepatopancreatic digestive enzymes in Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for the period of 60 days

Treatments¹	Protease²	Amylase³	Lipase⁴
Control	2.46±0.08 c	6.17±0.18 a	0.46±0.02 a
ECBSFL_25%	2.48±0.13 c	5.99±0.14 a	0.31±0.04 b
ECBSFL_50%	3.11±0.19 a	5.44±0.23 ab	0.28±0.03 b
ECBSFL_75%	3.61±0.15 a	6.01±0.19 a	0.30±0.004 b
ECBSFL_100%	2.79±0.08 bc	4.12±0.44 c	0.31±0.002 b
OSBSFL_25%	2.56±0.27 c	5.24±0.22 b	0.32±0.02 b
OSBSFL_50%	2.63±0.10 c	4.61±0.16 bc	0.31±0.01 b
OSBSFL_75%	2.82±0.12 bc	4.02±0.13 c	0.20±0.02 c
OSBSFL_100%	2.91±0.37 b	3.82±0.15 c	0.25±0.01 bc
P-value	0.004	0.012	<0.001

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3).

Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

2 Protease activity is expressed in micromole of tyrosine released/min/mg protein;

3 Amylase activity is expressed in micromole of maltose released/min/mg protein;

4 Lipase activity is expressed in units/hour/mg protein.

Table 9.

Acitivites of protein metabolic enzymes in hepatopancreas and muscle of Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for the period of 60 days

Treatments¹	AST²		ALT³
Treatments¹	hepatopancreas	muscle	hepatopancreas	muscle
Control	2.85±0.04 bc	0.89±0.63	1.00±0.20 bcd	1.33±0.26 ab
ECBSFL_25%	2.21±0.37 cd	0.72±0.08	0.82±0.16 bcd	0.93±0.15 bc
ECBSFL_50%	3.77±0.37 b	1.30±0.18	1.27±0.11 b	1.10±0.16 abc
ECBSFL_75%	5.11±0.24 a	1.44±0.10	2.99±0.28 a	1.65±0.34 a
ECBSFL_100%	1.35±0.51 de	0.25±0.07	0.62±0.10 bcd	0.55±0.09 c
OSBSFL_25%	2.87±0.43 bc	1.04±0.20	1.21±0.40 bc	0.83±0.13 bc
OSBSFL_50%	2.05±0.37 cd	0.78±0.31	0.58±0.21 cd	0.82±0.11 bc
OSBSFL_75%	1.32±0.27 de	0.42±0.09	0.74±0.05 bcd	0.65±0.13 c
OSBSFL_100%	0.94±0.09 e	0.62±0.17	0.51±0.02 d	0.51±0.02 c
P-value	<0.001	0.085	<0.001	0.004

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3).

Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

2 AST, aspartate aminotransferase, specific activity is expressed as nanomoles of oxaloacetate released/min/mg protein at 37°C;

3 ALT, alanine aminotransferase, specific activity is expressed as nanomoles of sodium pyruvate released/min/mg protein at 37°C.

Table 10.

Activities of oxidative stress enzymes in hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for 60 days

Treatments¹	SOD²	CAT³
Control	2.84±0.48 a	3.34±0.52 bcd
ECBSFL_25%	2.79±0.23 ab	2.35±0.29 d
ECBSFL_50%	2.81±0.18 a	2.06±0.13 d
ECBSFL_75%	2.71±0.19 a	3.28±0.44 bcd
ECBSFL_100%	2.59±0.16 ab	5.37±0.29 a
OSBSFL_25%	2.22±0.24 b	2.62±0.49 cd
OSBSFL_50%	1.78±0.15 c	5.10±0.18 abc
OSBSFL_75%	1.82±0.12 bc	3.48±0.44 bcd
OSBSFL_100%	2.91±0.29 a	6.97±0.51 a
P-value	0.004	0.004

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3).

Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in an open system, OSBSFL), ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM), ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM), OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM), OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM), OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM), OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

2 SOD, superoxide dismutase, activity is expressed as 50% inhibition of epinephrine autooxidation/mg protein/min;

3 CAT, catalase, activity is expressed as nanomoles H₂O₂ decomposed/min/mg protein.

Table 11.

Hemocyanin and serum biochemical profiles of Penaeus vannamei juveniles fed with different experimental diets for 60 days

Treatments¹		Serum biochemical parameters
Treatments¹	hemocyanin (mmol/l)	total protein (g/dl)	glucose (mg/dl)	total cholesterol (mg/dl)	triglycerides (mg/dl)
Control	1.76±0.01	5.62±0.40 ab	66.26±6.70 cd	107.41±9.75 a	144.93±3.13 a
ECBSFL_25%	1.75±0.02	5.5±0.10 ab	68.23±1.14 bcd	101.71±1.49 bc	142.69±0.54 ab
ECBSFL_50%	1.78±0.01	5.62±0.17 ab	66.8±2.34 cd	100.9±0.86 bc	137.76±3.13 cd
ECBSFL_75%	1.76±0.02	5.65±0.70 a	60.14±1.66 d	101.39±1.55 bc	133.73±0.54 d
ECBSFL_100%	1.78±0.02	5.44±0.35 ab	70.68±0.96 abcd	75.19±2.56 d	124.93±1.22 e
OSBSFL_25%	1.75±0.01	4.88±0.13 abc	70.74±3.4 abcd	105.78±1.88 ab	144.63±1.33 a
OSBSFL_50%	1.76±0.01	4.31±0.11 bc	76.11±1.77 abc	98.13±5.22 ab	138.96±1.37 bc
OSBSFL_75%	1.77±0.02	4.06±0.76 c	78.02±3.25 ab	93.58±2.26 bc	134.03±0.93 d
OSBSFL_100%	1.75±0.03	4.04±0.13 c	81.07±3.36 a	87.23±2.26 d	128.51±0.65 e
P value	0.672	0.023	0.006	< 0.001	<0.001

Values were presented as mean ± SE (n=3).

Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test).

1 Control (25% fish meal and 0% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal prepared from larvae raised in either controlled environment system, ECBSFL or in open system, OSBSFL); ECBSFL_25% (6.25% ECBSFL in replacement of 25% fish meal or FM); ECBSFL_50% (12.5% ECBSFL in replacement of 50% FM); ECBSFL_75% (18.75% ECBSFL in replacement of 75% FM); ECBSFL_100% (25% ECBSFL in replacement of 100% FM); OSBSFL_25% (6.25% OSBSFL in replacement of 25% FM); OSBSFL_50% (12.5% OSBSFL in replacement of 50% FM); OSBSFL_75% (18.75% OSBSFL in replacement of 75% FM); OSBSFL_100% (25% OSBSFL in replacement of 100% FM).

The effects of defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (ECBSFL and OSBSFL) as fish meal alternatives in the diet of Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

Figures & Tables

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Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Paradigm

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