Figure 1.
Timeline showing the evolution of nanotechnology
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of major applications of nanotechnology in aquaculture
Table 1.
Application of different nanomaterials used as feed additives during aquaculture of different organisms
| Nanomaterial | Application | Aquatic organism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iron | Improve growth and immune response | Carp | Behera et al. (2014); Thangapandiyan et al. (2020); Ziaei-Nejad et al. (2021) |
| Sturgeon | Ebrahimi et al. (2020) | ||
| Selenium | Enhance antioxidant defense system | Common carp | Ashouri et al. (2015); Saffari et al. (2017) |
| Disease resistance | Mullet | Dawood et al. (2020 a) | |
| Improve immune response | Catfish | Chris et al. (2018) | |
| Improve growth, blood health | Seabream | Dawood et al. (2019) | |
| Selenium-enriched fish | Grass carp | Zhu et al. (2024) | |
| Zinc | Improve growth and bone mineralization | Seabream | Izquierdo et al. (2017) |
| Improve immunity | Freshwater prawn | Muralisankar et al. (2014) | |
| Grass carp | Faiz et al. (2015) | ||
| Manganese | Improve bone mineralization | Seabream | Izquierdo et al. (2017) |
| Enhance muscle composition | Freshwater prawn | Asaikkutti et al. (2016); Rajeshkumar et al. (2009) | |
| Increase digestive enzyme activity | Catfish | Xu et al. (2023) | |
| Improve metabolism, stress resistance | |||
| Improve growth | |||
| Chitosan | Improve growth, FCR | Nile tilapia | Abd El-Naby et al. (2019); El-Naggar et al. (2021) |
| Health booster | Cat fish | Udo et al. (2018) | |
| Disease resistance | |||
| Copper | Improve stress resistance and immune response | Seabream | El Basuini et al. (2017) |
| Freshwater prawn | Muralisankar et al. (2016) | ||
| Feed intake and survival | Common carp | Dawood et al. (2020 b) | |
| Gold | Against hepatic injury | Common carp | Kunjiappan et al. (2015) |
| Aloe vera | Hematological parameters | Sturgeon | Bazari Moghaddam et al. (2021) |
| Liver enzyme activity | |||
| Improve immune response | |||
| Chromium | Improve growth and digestibility | Mrigal | Ahmad et al. (2024) |
| Freshwater prawn | Satgurunathan et al. (2019) |
Figure 3.
A graphical representation of various nanomaterials and their potential applications in fish disease management
Table 2.
List of nanoparticles used for vaccine delivery
| Nanoparticle | Species | Type/Route | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan | Seabass | DNA vaccine | Moderate protection against experimental V. anguillarum infection | Kumar et al. (2008) |
| Alginate microspheres | Common carp and Seabream | Oral vaccine | Induce immunosuppression, instead of immunization | Joosten et al. (1995) |
| Alginate microspheres | Japanese flounders | DNA vaccine | Significant immune effect | Tian et al. (2008 a) |
| Alginate | Trout | Oral vaccine | Moderate to significant immunization | Romalde et al. (2004); Altun et al. (2010) |
| Alginate | Nile tilapia | Intraperitoneal Intramuscular | Imprecise results | Leal et al. (2010) |
| Chitosan-PLGA | Olive flounder | Incorporated in feed | Promising results | Kole et al. (2022) |
| PLGA | Turbot | Injection | Safe alternative adjuvant | León-Rodríguez et al. (2012) |
| PLGA | Japanese flounder | Plasmid vaccine | Notable immunization efficacy | Tian et al. (2008 b) |
| PLGA | Grouper | Encapsulated vaccine | Useful for further studies | Harikrishnan et al. (2012) |
| Chitosan microsphere | Rohu | Oral vaccine | Enhanced immune response | Behera and Swain (2014) |
| PLGA | Rohu | Intra-peritoneal | Suitable carrier | Behera et al. (2010) |
| Chitosan microsphere | Japanese flounder | Oral | Better immunization efficacy | Tian et al. (2008 c) |