Figure 1.
Bibliometric network analysis of red seaweed, polysaccharides, and their applications in aquaculture
Figure 2.
Applications of red seaweed and their polysaccharides in sustainable aquaculture
Table 1.
Application of red seaweed and their derived polysaccharide on shellfish culture: Effects on growth, immune, antioxidant status, gene expression, and intestinal health
| Seaweed (form/solvent extract) | Treatment regimen (dose/route/duration (day (D)) | Pathogen (S) | GP; BC; ADC | H; S; I; IG; A; E | IM; IE; IMB | RPS (%); OD | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) | ||||||||
| Asparagopsis sp. (methanol) | 285, 575, 850, 1150 mg/kg/oral/30 | V. harveyi; V. alginolyticus; V. parahaemolyticus; Photobacterium damselae | Not measured | Not reported | Not measured | 79.6, 74.7, 83.5, 80.9; 850 mg | Antibacterial | Manilal et al. (2012) |
| A. taxiformis (methanol) | 850 mg/kg/oral/28 | V. alginolyticus; V. harveyi; V. parahemolyticus; V. fischeri; V. vulnificus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 64, 68, 75, 87, 81; 850 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Manilal et al. (2013) |
| Gracilaria sp. | 20 mg/mL/oral/14 | V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 86.1 | Antibacterial | Lim et al. (2019) |
| G. fisheri (ethanol) | 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/injection/14 | V. harveyi | Not measured |
| Not measured | 82.6; 1 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Kanjana et al. (2011) |
| 50, 100 μg/mL/oral/12 | V. harveyi; V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured | IG: VopD (-) | Not measured | 83, 93.3; 100 μg | Antibiofilm | Karnjana et al. (2019) | |
| G. fisheri (sulfated galactans) | 100, 200 mg/mL/oral/7 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 60.5; 200 mg | Antiviral, immunostimulant | Wongprasert et al. (2014) |
| 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000 µg/mL/in vitro/not reported | WSSV | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 90; 500 µg | Antiviral | Rudtanatip et al. (2014) | |
| G. heteroclada (dried powder) | 3, 5, 7, and 10%/oral/56 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed binder | Peñaflorida and Golez (1996) |
| G. lichenoides (dried powder) | 3, 8%/oral/56 | Not measured |
|
| IE: Lip (+), IM (+), IMB (+) | 90; 3% | Growth promoter, antioxidant, modulated gut microbiota | Tian et al. (2024) |
| G. tenuistipitata | 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/m3/co-culture/30 | V. parahaemolyticus | GP: FW (↔), SGR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 82.2; 2.0 kg | Antibacterial | Anh et al. (2020) |
| G. verrucosa | 2.0 kg/m3/co-culture/28 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), SGR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | Not reported | Growth promoter | Izzati (2011) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii (dried powder) | 3, 5, 7, 10%/oral/56 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 5% | Feed binder | Peñaflorida and Golez (1996) |
| K. alvarezii (ethyl acetate) | 2 g/10 L/immersion/30 | V. harveyi | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 60.3; 2 g | Antibiofilm | Sivakumar et al. (2014) |
| Whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (κ-carrageenan) | 6 μg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | NA | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Yeh and Chen (2008) |
| Eucheuma cottonii (κ-carrageenan) | 6 μg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | NA | Immunosuppressant | Yeh and Chen (2008) |
| E. spinosa (ι-carrageenan) | 6 μg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | NA | Immunosuppressant | Yeh and Chen (2008) |
| Gelidium amansii (hot water) | 4, 6 mg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 55; 6 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Fu et al. (2007) |
| 200, 400, 600 mg/L/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 400 mg | Immunostimulant | Fu et al. (2007) | |
| 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg/oral/28 | V. alginolyticus | GP: WG (↔) |
| Not measured | 80; 0.5 g | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Fu et al. (2007) | |
| Gigartina acicularis; G. pistillata (λ-carrageenan) | 6 μg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | NA | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Yeh and Chen (2008) |
| G. birdiae (sulfated polysaccharide) | 0.3%/oral/5 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 95; 0.30% | Antiviral, immunostimulant | Cantelli et al. (2019) |
| G. corticata | 200, 400 g/m2/co-culture/45 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 400 g/m2 | Growth promoter | Fourooghifard et al. (2017) |
| G. fisheri (sulfated galactans) | 0.5, 1, 2%/oral/7 | V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured | IG: p-NF-kB/b-actin (+), IMD/EF-1a (+), IKKb/EF-1a (+), IKKε/EF-1a (+), PEN-4 (+), proPO-I (+), Cr (+) | Not measured | 47.66%; 2% | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Rudtanatip et al. (2017) |
| 100 µg/in vitro/not reported | Not measured | Not measured | IG: p-NF-kB/b-actin (+), IMD/EF-1a (+), IKKb/EF-1a (+), IKKε/EF-1a (+), PEN-4 (+), proPO-I (+), Cr (+) | Not measured | 100 µg | Immunostimulant | Rudtanatip et al. (2015) | |
| G. gracilis | 2 kg/m3/co-culture/60 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (↔), WG (↔), FCR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | - | Growth promoter | Tien et al. (2024) |
| G. lemaneiformis (dried powder) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5%/oral/56 | Salinity stress |
|
| IM (+) | 80; 2% | Growth promoter, immunostimulant, salinity stress resistant | Yu et al. (2016) |
| 2%/oral/56 | WSSV |
| IG: ProPO (+), IkBa (+), TGF-b (+), SOD (↔), TNF-a (↔), IL1b (↔), IL6 (↔), IL8 (↔) | Not measured | 40; 2% | Antiviral, feed ingredient | Niu et al. (2019) | |
| G. tenuistipitata (hot water) | 400, 600 mg/L/immersion/5 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 62.6; 600 mg | Antiviral, immunostimulant, antioxidant | Lin et al. (2011) |
| 200, 400, 600 mg/L/immersion/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 65; 600 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Yeh and Chen (2009) | |
| 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg/oral/5 | V. alginolyticus; WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 70 and 60; 2% | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Sirirustananun et al. (2011) | |
| 4, 6 µg/g/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 63.3; 6 µg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Hou and Chen (2005) | |
| G. tenuistipitata (hot water) | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg/oral/5 | Ammonia stress | Not measured |
| Not measured | 2 g | Ammonia stress resistant | Chen et al. (2012) |
| G. tenuistipitata | 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/m3/co-culture/30 | V. parahaemolyticus | GP: FW (↔), SGR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 73.3; 2.0 kg | Antibacterial | Anh et al. (2019 a) |
| 85, 70, 55, 40%/co-culture/75 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 85% | Growth promoter | Anh et al. (2019 b) | |
| 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 g/L/co-culture/21 | No pathogen | GP: FW (↔), SGR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 3.5 g | Optimal biomass | Sarkar et al. (2019) | |
| 3.5 g/L/co-culture/30 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 3.5 g | Growth promoter | Sarkar et al. (2021) | |
| G. tenuistipitata | 3.5 g/L/biofloc + co-culture/30 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 3.5 g | Growth promoter | Sarkar et al. (2021) |
| G. tikvahiae | <1.5, 1.5–3.9, >4.0 kg/m2/co-culture/7–18 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | <1.5 kg/m | Growth promoter | Samocha et al. (2015) |
| G. verrucosa (ethyl acetate) | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg/oral/14 | V. harveyi | Not measured |
| Not measured | 60; 0.5 g | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Rudi et al. (2019) |
| 2, 3, 4, 5 g/kg/oral/28 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 41; 4 g | Antiviral, immunostimulant | Zahra et al. (2017) | |
| 2 g/kg/oral/42 | V. harveyi | GP: WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 85; 2 g | Growth promoter, antibacterial | Jasmanindar et al. (2018 a) | |
| 1, 2, 3 g/kg/oral/42 | V. harveyi | GP: WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 70; 2 g | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Jasmanindar et al. (2018 b) | |
| G. vermiculophylla | 2, 4 g/L/co-culture/28 | V. parahaemolyticus | GP: FW (+), FCR (-) | A: SOD (+); E: CAT (+) | Not measured | 95; 2 g | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Anaya-Rosas et al. (2019) |
| Grateloupia sp. (λ-carrageenan) | 200, 400, 600 mg/L/immersion/6 | V. alginolyticus; WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 60, 50; 600 mg | Antibacterial, antiviral, immunocompetence | Chen et al. (2014) |
| 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg/oral/21 | V. alginolyticus; WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | Not reported | Immunocompetence | Chen et al. (2014) | |
| Hypnea cervicornis + Cryptonemia crenulata (dried powder) | 13, 26, 39%/oral/45 | No pathogen | GP: FW (↔), SGR (↔), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 26% | Partial substitution of fish meal | da Silva and Barbosa (2009) |
| Laurenciasnyderia (ethanol) | 200, 400, 600 mg/mL/oral/30 | V. harveyi | GP: WG (+), SGR (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 70; 400 mg | Growth promoter, antibacterial | Dashtiannasab and Yeganeh (2017) |
| K. alvarezii (water) | 0.5 g/L/oral/12 | V. harveyi | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 94; 0.5 g | Antibacterial | Suantika et al. (2017) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii (κ-carrageenan) | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%/oral/35 | WSSV | Not measured | I: Agt (+), Po (↔), PC (↔); IMB (↔) | Not measured | 94; 1.5% | Antiviral, immunostimulant | Mariot et al. (2021) |
| 15, 20, 25 g/oral/60 | Not measured | Not measured | I: THC (+), Hct (+), PA (+) IMB (-) | Not measured | 20 g | Immunostimulant | Azhar et al. (2023) | |
| 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 g/kg/oral/30 | Salinity stress | GP: FW (+), WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (-), PER (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 0.30 g | Growth promoter | Jumah et al. (2020) | |
| Porphyridium cruentum (polysaccharides) | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%/oral/30 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured | I: PO (↔), THC (↔) | Not measured | 90; 1% | Antibacterial | Ozório et al. (2024) |
| Porphyra haitanensis (dried powder) | 2%/oral/56 | WSSV | Not measured | IG: ProPO (+), IkBa (+), TGF-b (+), SOD (↔), TNF-a (↔), IL1b (↔), IL6 (↔), IL8 (↔) | Not measured | 40; 2% | Antiviral immunostimulant | Niu et al. (2019) |
| 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6%/oral/58 | Not measured |
| I: SOD (↔), PO (+), THC (+), HCT (-) | IMB (+) | 1% | Growth promoter, gut health promoter, Feed ingredient, immunostimulant | Niu et al. (2019) | |
| Farrer’s scallop (Chlamys farreri) | ||||||||
| G. lemaneiformis | 69.3, 139.1, 263.5, 347.6 g/m3/co-culture/21 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 139.1 g/m3 | Growth promoter, efficient nutrient uptake | Mao et al. (2009) |
| Smooth Australian abalone (Haliotis laevigata) | ||||||||
| Spyridia filamentosa (dried powder) | 10%/oral/14 | No pathogen | GP: WG (-) |
| Not measured | Not reported | Feed supplement | Dang et al. (2011) |
| Freshwater crab (Paratelphusa hydrodomous) | ||||||||
| Hypnae spinella (methanol) | 100 µL/injection/20 | WSSV | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 100 | Antiviral | Dinesh et al. (2014) |
| Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) | ||||||||
| Gloiopeltis furcata (ethanol) | 1, 5, 10 mg/kg/injection/8 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 25; 5 mg | Antiviral | Li et al. (2018) |
| G. lemaneiformis (ethanol) | 1, 5, 10 mg/kg/injection/8 | WSSV | Not measured |
| Not measured | 25; 5 mg | Antiviral | Li et al. (2018) |
| Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) | ||||||||
| Gelidium pusillum (ethanol) | 1 mg/mL/injection/5 | Aeromonas caviae | Not measured |
| Not measured | 90; 1 mg | Antibacterial, antioxidant | Agarwal et al. (2021) |
| G. edulis (water) | 1, 3%/oral/56 | WSSV | Not measured | H: THC (+), I: PO (+) | Not measured | 40; 1% | Antiviral, immunostimulant | Arizo et al. (2016) |
| G. foliifera (polysaccharide) | 10%/oral/30 | A. hydrophilla | Not measured |
| Not measured | 78.6; 850 mg | antibacterial, Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Hindu et al. (2018) |
| G. tenuistipitata | 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500 PL/m3 (1.5 kg/m3)/co-culture/30 | No pathogen | GP: FW (-), SGR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 1.5 kg/m3 | Growth promoter | Ly et al. (2024) |
| Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) | ||||||||
| Gracilaria tenuistipitata | 1000 g/m3/RAS + co-culture/60 | Not measured | GP: SGR (↔), FCR (-) |
| Not measured | Not reported | Immunostimulant | Das et al. (2022) |
| 1000 g/m3/RAS + biofloc + co-culture/60 | Not measured | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) |
| Not measured | Not reported | Immunostimulant | Das et al. (2022) | |
| 1000 g/m3/biofloc + co-culture/60 | Not measured | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) |
| Not measured | Not reported | Immunostimulant | Das et al. (2022) | |
| Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (carrageenan) | 10%/oral/84 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed binder | Won et al. (2018) |
| Seaweed polysaccharide | 1 mg/mL/injection/6 | Not measured | Not measured |
| Not measured | Not reported | Immunostimulant | Li et al. (2009) |
| Mussel (Mytilus spp.) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (sulfated polysaccharides) | 10, 20, 50 μg/mL/immersion/not reported | Not measured | Not measured |
| Not measured | 50 μg | Immunostimulant | Rudtanatip et al. (2018) |
[i] A: antioxidants; ADC: apparent digestibility coefficients; Agt: agglutination titre; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ASH: ash; AST: aspartate; BC: body composition; CAT: catalase; CAT mRNA: catalase messenger RNA; CL: crude lipid; CP: crude protein; Cr: crustin; d: days; DM: dry matter; DmRNA: defensin messenger RNA; E: enzymes; FCR: feed conversion ratio; FW: final weight; GC: granular cell; Glu: glucose; GP: growth performance; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSH Px mRNA: glutathione peroxidase messenger RNA; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; H: hematological; HC: hyaline cell; HCT: hematocrit; Hippo: Hippo signaling pathway-related gene; I: immunological; IE: intestinal enzymes; IG: immune genes; IkBa: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha; IKKb/EF-1a: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase beta normalized to elongation factor 1-alpha; IKKε/EF-1a: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon normalized to elongation factor 1-alpha; IL1b: interleukin-1 beta; IL6: interleukin-6; IL8: interleukin-8; IM: intestinal morphology; IMB: intestinal microbiota; IMD/EF-1a: immune deficiency pathway gene normalized to elongation factor 1-alpha; kg: kilogram; Lip: lipase; LmRNA: lysozyme messenger RNA; Lyz: lysozyme; M: moisture; MDA: malondialdehyde; mg: milligram; MmRNA: moricin messenger RNA; mtMnSOD: mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase; NA: not available; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; O−2: superoxide anion; OD: optimal dose; PA: peroxidase activity; PC: phagocytic cell; PEN-4: penaeidin-4; PER: protein efficiency ratio; Pha: phagocytic activity; PO: phenoloxidase activity; POD: peroxidase; PPO: prophenoloxidase; ProPO: prophenoloxidase gene; proPO-I: prophenoloxidase system; RB: respiratory burst activity; RPS: relative percent survival; S: serological; SGR: specific growth rate; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TCho: total cholesterol; TGF-b: transforming growth factor-beta; THC: total hemocytes count; TNF-a: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TP: total protein; Tri: triglycerides; Trx: thioredoxin; VopD: Vibrio outer protein D; WBC: white blood cell; WG: weight gain; WSSV: white spot syndrome virus; α2M: alpha2-macroglobulin; p-NF-kB/b-actin: phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B normalized to beta-actin; (+): significant increase; (-): significant decrease; (↔): no significant difference.
Table 2.
Applications of red seaweeds and their derived polysaccharide on fish culture: Effects on growth, immune, antioxidant status, gene expression, and intestinal health
| Seaweed (form/solvent extract) | Treatment regimen (dose/route/duration (day (D)) | Pathogen (S) | GP; BC; ADC | H; S; I; IG; A; E | IM; IE; IMB | RPS (%); OD | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | ||||||||
| Asparagopsis taxiformis (methanol) | 0.6, 1.2%/oral/28 | No pathogen | GP: WG (+), FCR (↔) | I: RB (↔), PA (↔), Lyz (↔) | IMB (+) | 1.2% | Growth promoter | Thépot et al. (2022) |
| G. chilensis (lyophilized algae) | 0.1, 1, 10%/oral/60 | Infectious salmon anemia | GP: SGR (↔), FCR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 46.54; 10% | Antiviral | Lozano et al. (2016) |
| G. chilensis (cryo concentrates) | 0.1, 1, 10%/oral/60 | Not measured | GP: WG (↔) | IG: Mx (+), IL6 (-), IFNɣ (-), Lyz (-), Cli (-) | Not measured | 1% | Immunostimulant | Muñoz et al. (2019) |
| Pyropia columbina (lyophilized algae) | 0.1, 1, 10%/oral/60 | Infectious salmon anemia | GP: SGR (↔), FCR (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 68.02; 10% | Antiviral | Lozano et al. (2016) |
| P. columbina (cryo concentrates) | 0.1, 1, 10%/oral/60 | Not measured | GP: WG (+) | IG: Mx (-), IL6 (-), IFNɣ (+), Lyz (-), Cli (-) | Not measured | 1% | Immunostimulant | Muñoz et al. (2019) |
| African catfish (C. gariepinus) | ||||||||
| G. arcuata (Dried powder) | 10, 20, 30%/oral/70 | No pathogen | GP: FW (↔), WG (↔), SGR (↔), FCR (↔), PER (↔), PPV (↔), K (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed ingredient | Al Asgah et al. (2016) |
| Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) | ||||||||
| A. taxiformis (water) | 1:5, 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:1,000/immersion/9 | S. iniae | FW (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 57.8; 1:100 | Antibacterial | Mata et al. (2013) |
| Gracilaria sp. (water) | 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%/oral/56 | Hypoxia | GP: SGR (↔), FI (↔) | En: Cor (-), Glu (-), Lac (-) | Not measured | 100; 12% | Hypoxia stress reliever | Seyedalhosseini et al. (2023) |
| Gracilaria sp. (agar) | 1, 2, 3 g/kg/75 | A. hydrophila | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | I: Lyz (↔) | Not measured | 65; 2 g | Growth promoter, antibacterial | Van Doan et al. (2014 b) |
| 2 g/kg/oral/28 | A. hydrophila | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | I: ACH (+), RB (↔), Pha (↔), Lyz (↔) | Not measured | 60; 2 g | growth promoter, Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Van Doan et al. (2014 b) | |
| G. pulvinata (water) | 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%/oral/56 | Not measured | GP: SGR (↔), FI (↔) |
| Not measured | 100; 12% | Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Seyedalhosseini et al. (2024 b) |
| G. pygmaea (dried powder) | 3, 6, 9%/oral/42 | Not measured | Not measured |
| IM (↔) | 6% | Partial replacement of fishmeal, immunostimulant | Tangestani et al. (2023) |
| K. alvarezii (dried powder) | 6, 10, 14, 18, 22%/oral/70 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 6% | Growth promoter, feed binder | Shapawi et al. (2015) |
| K. alvarezii (polysaccharide) | 50, 100 mg/kg; 0.1, 0.5%/injection/15 | V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 80, 75; 100 mg, 0.50% | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Sakthivel et al. (2015) |
| Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) | ||||||||
| Hypnea cornua (ethanol) | 5, 10, 20 g/kg/oral/56 | Not measured | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) |
| Not measured | 10 g | Growth promoter, immunostimulant, antioxidant | Ghanadi et al. (2024) |
| Black rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens) | ||||||||
| Asparagopsis taxiformis (methanol) | 1.5, 3, 6%/oral/28 | Not measured | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | I: Lyz (↔), ACH50 (↔), RB (↔) | IMB (↔) | 6% | Growth promoter, immunostimulant | Thépot et al. (2021) |
| G. lemaneiformis | 100, 200, 300, 400 g/m3/co-culture/40 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | Not reported | Growth promoter | Zhou et al. (2006) |
| 350, 550, 700, 850 g/m3/co-culture/30 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | Not reported | Growth promoter | Zhou et al. (2006) | |
| Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) | ||||||||
| Chondrus sp. (κ-Carrageenan) | 5, 10, 20 g/kg/oral/98 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 66.7; 5 g | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Cheng et al. (2008) |
| Clownfish (Amphiprion sebae) | ||||||||
| Chondrococcus hornemanni (methanol) | 25 mg/0.1 mL/injection/9 | V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 75; 25 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Ganeshamurthy et al. (2014) |
| Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (carrageenan) | 0.5 and 1%/oral/60 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+), FCR (+), PER (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 1% | Growth promoter | Murthy et al. (2017) |
| C. ocellatus (κ-carrageenan) | 2, 3, 5 mg/100 g/injection/14 | Edwardsiella tarda, A. hydrophila | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 75, 65; 2 mg | Antibacterial | Fujiki et al. (1997 a) |
| 0.25 mg/mL/injection/6 | Not measured | Not measured | I: ACH (↔), RB (↔), Pha (↔) | Not measured | 0.25 mg | Immunosuppressant | Fujiki et al. (1997 b) | |
| G. corticata (ethanol) | 0.20 mg/injection/28 | A. hydrophila | Not measured | H: RBC (+), WBC (+), Hct (+), Hb (+), MCH (-), MCHC (+), MCV (-) | Not measured | 0.20 mg | Immunostimulant | Radhika and Mohaideen (2017) |
| G. corticata (extract) | 1 g/oral/30 | Not measured | Not measured |
| Not measured | 1 g | Immunostimulant | Nasaran and Huxley (2013) |
| European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | ||||||||
| Gracilaria sp. (dried powder) | 2.5, 7.5%/oral/84 | No pathogen |
|
| Not measured | 7.50% | Feed ingredient | Peixoto et al. (2016 a) |
| 7.5%/oral/49 | Not measured | GP: WG (↔), SGR (↔), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 7.50% | Immunocompetent | Peixoto et al. (2016 b) | |
| Gracilaria sp. (water) | 5%/oral/80 | P. damselae | Not measured |
| Not measured | 85; 5% | Antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant | Peixoto et al. (2019 a) |
| Gracilaria sp. (methanol) | 0.5%/oral/42 | No pathogen | GP: FW (↔), WG (↔), SGR (↔) FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 0.50% | Feed ingredient | Peixoto et al. (2019 b) |
| G. bursa-pastoris (dried powder) | 5, 10%/oral/70 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed ingredient | Valente et al. (2006) |
| G. cornea (dried powder) | 5, 10%/oral/70 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 5% | Feed ingredient | Valente et al. (2006) |
| G. gracilis (ethanol) | 0.35%/oral/47 | Not measured | GP: WG (↔), FCR (↔) |
| IM (+) | 2.5% | Immunostimulant; modulated gut microbiota | Passos et al. (2021 b) |
| G. gracilis (dried powder) | 8%/oral/106 | No pathogen |
|
| IM (↔) | 90; 8% | Partial substitution of fish meal | Batista et al. (2020) |
| 2.5, 5%/oral/47 | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | IMB (+) | 2.5% | Immunostimulant; modulated gut microbiota | Gonçalves et al. (2022) | |
| 8%/oral/106 | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | IMB (-) | 8% | Modulated gut microbiota | Ferreira et al. (2022) | |
| G. lemaneiformis (dried powder) | 2%/oral/56 | Not measured |
|
| IM (+) | 2% | Immunosuppressant, gut health promoter | Xie and Niu (2022) |
| P. haitanensis (dried powder) | 2%/oral/56 | Not measured |
|
| IM (+) | 2% | Immunosuppressant, gut health promoter | Xie and Niu (2022) |
| Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) | ||||||||
| Eucheuma denticulatum (dried powder) | 3, 6, 9%/oral/56 | No pathogen |
|
| Not measured | 3% | Growth promoter | Ragaza et al. (2015) |
| Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) | ||||||||
| G. foliifera (extract) | NM/oral/15 | A. salmonicida | Not measured |
| Not measured | 66 | Antibacterial antioxidant | Thanigaivel et al. (2019) |
| Portieria hornemannii (methanol) | 1 ppt/L/immersion/30 | V. parahaemolyticus | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | 75; 1 ppt | Antibacterial | Fatima et al. (2016) |
| Mullet (Mugil cephlus) | ||||||||
| G. edulis (dried powder) | 2, 5%/oral/28 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (+), PER (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 5% | Growth promoter | Thirunavukkarasu et al. (2015) |
| K. alvarezii (dried powder) | 2, 5%/oral/28 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (+), PER (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 2% | Growth promoter | Thirunavukkarasu et al. (2015) |
| Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | ||||||||
| B. occidentalis (sulfated galactans) | 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/g/oral/28 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), WG (+), DWG (+) | Not measured | Not measured | 0.1 mg | Growth promoter | Farias et al. (2004) |
| H. musciformis (dried powder) | 10, 20, 30%/oral/60 | No pathogen | GP: WG (+), SGR (+), FCR (-) | H: RBC (+), WBC (+), Hct (+), Hb (+), MCH (+), MCHC (+), MCV (+) | Not measured | 30% | Growth promoter | Nur et al. (2020) |
| H. musciformis (k-carrageenan) | 2.5, 5, 10 g/kg/oral/30 | Not measured | GP: SGR (+) | IG: GH (+), IL-1β (+), Trf (+) | Not measured | 40; 5 g | Growth promoter, antibacterial, immunostimulant | Villamil et al. (2019) |
| Halymenia dilatata (sulfated galactan) | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 g/0.1 kg/oral/60 | A. hydrophila | Not measured | A: SOD (+), Cat (+), GPx (+), | Not measured | 2.0 g/0.1 kg | Antibacterial, antioxidant | Vinosha et al. (2020) |
| G. arcuata (dried powder) | 20, 40, 60%/oral/84 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 20% | Partial substitution of fish meal | Younis et al. (2018) |
| G. vermiculophylla (dried powder) | 10%/oral/84 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Vegetal protein sources | Silva et al. (2015) |
| 30%/oral/36 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 30% | Feed ingredient | Pereira et al. (2012) | |
| G. tenuistipitata | 80, 60, 40, 20% (1 kg/m3)/co-culture/56 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 80% | Reduce feed cost without affecting growth | An and Anh (2020) |
| Laurencia caspica (hydroethanolic) | 0.5, 1, 2%/oral/50 | S. iniae; A. hydrophila | GP: WG (+), FCR (↔), SGR (↔), SR (↔) |
| Not measured | 85, 100; 2% | Growth promoter, antibacterial, immunostimulant | Khanzadeh et al. (2024) |
| P. dioica (dried powder) | 10%/oral/84 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | IM (-) | 10% | Vegetal protein sources | Silva et al. (2015) |
| 30%/oral/36 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 30% | Feed ingredient | Pereira et al. (2012) | |
| Sarcodia suiae (SLE and PLE) | 1, 10, 100 μg/g/injection/56 | S. agalactiae | Not measured |
| Not measured | 70; 10 μg | Antibacterial, immunomodulatory | Lee et al. (2020) |
| Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coicoides) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (i-carrageenan) | 10, 20, 30 mg/kg/injection/5 | V. alginolyticus | Not measured |
| Not measured | 80; 30 mg | Antibacterial, immunostimulant | Cheng et al. (2007) |
| Rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) | ||||||||
| G. lemaneiformis (sulfated polysaccharide) | 0.1, 0.15 g/kg/oral/56 | V. parahaemolyticus | GP: WG (+), FCR (-), FER (+) |
|
| 90; 0.1 g | Growth promoter, immunostimulant, antibacterial | Bakky et al. (2023) |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | ||||||||
| Galaxaura oblongata (water) | 0.5, 1.0%/oral/56 | Not measured | GP: FW (↔), SGR (↔), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 0.50% | Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Yazici et al. (2024) |
| Gracilariopsis persica (dried powder) | 5, 10%/oral/83 | Not measured | Not measured |
| Not measured | 5% | Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Vazirzadeh et al. (2020) |
| G. persica (sulfated polysaccharide) | 0.5, 1.5 g/kg/oral/56 | Not measured |
|
| Not measured | 1.5 g | Growth promoter, immunostimulant | Safavi et al. (2019) |
| G. vermiculophylla (dried powder) | 30%/oral/36 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 30% | Feed ingredient | Pereira et al. (2012) |
| 5, 10%/oral/91 | WSSV |
| I: PA (+), Lyz (+), ACH (+) | IM: (↔) | 5% | Immunostimulant | Araújo et al. (2016) | |
| G. pulvinata (dried powder) | 500 mg/kg/oral/60 | Not measured |
|
| IMB: (↔) | 500 mg | Antioxidant, gut health promoter | Yazdanpanah et al. (2021) |
| G. pygmaea (dried powder) | 3, 6, 9, 12%/oral/49 | No pathogen |
| H: RBC (↔), WBC (↔), Hct (↔), Hb (↔), MCH (↔), MCHC (↔), MCV (↔), Lym (-), Neu (↔) | Not measured | 6% | Growth promoter | Sotoudeh and Jafari (2017) |
| Hypnea flagelliformis (dried powder) | 5, 10%/oral/83 | Not measured | Not measured |
| Not measured | 10% | Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Vazirzadeh et al. (2020) |
| Laurencia caspica (ethyl alcohol) | 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g/kg/oral/56 | A. hydrophila | Not measured |
| Not measured | 90; 15 g | Antibacterial, Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Kiadaliri et al. (2020) |
| P. dioica (dried powder) | 5, 10, 15%/oral/108 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed ingredient | Soler-Vila et al. (2009) |
| 30%/oral/36 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 30% | Feed ingredient | Pereira et al. (2012) | |
| Red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) | ||||||||
| G. changii | 1, 3 g/L with 100 fish/m3/co-culture/30 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (+), FCR (-) | Not measured | Not measured | 1 g | Growth promoter | Muin et al. (2024) |
| Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) | ||||||||
| C. crispus (carrageenan) | 0.5%/oral/49 | Not measured |
|
| Not measured | 0.50% | Immunostimulant | Mendoza Rodriguez et al. (2017) |
| Rohu (Labeo rohita) | ||||||||
| E. spinosum (i-carrageenan) | 5, 10, 20 g/kg/oral/NM | Not measured | GP: FW (+), WG (+), SGR (+) |
| Not measured | 10 g | Growth promoter, immunostimulant | Kumar et al. (2014) |
| Gracilaria sp. (dried powder) | 10, 20, 30%/oral/45 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 10% | Feed ingredient | Vadher et al. (2016) |
| Halymenia dilatata (dried powder) | 25, 50, 75, 100%/oral/56 | No pathogen |
|
| Not measured | 50% | Partial substitution of fish meal | Manikandan et al. (2022) |
| Small-scaled pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) | ||||||||
| Pyropia columbina (dried powder) | 35 g/kg−1/oral/90 | Not measured | Not measured |
| IMB (↔) | NA | Antioxidant gut health promoter | Cian et al. (2019) |
| 1.5 g/L, 22 g/L/oral/90 | No pathogen | GP: FW (↔), WG (↔), SGR (↔), K (↔) |
| Not measured | 22 g | Overcrowding stress reliever | Bacchetta et al. (2020) | |
| Seabream (Sparus aurata) | ||||||||
| A. armata | 0.5%/immersion/31 | Not measured | GP: FW (+) |
| Not measured | 0.50% | Immunostimulant | Castanho et al. (2017) |
| C. crispus (dried powder) | 5%/oral/56 | No pathogen |
|
| Not measured | 5% | Growth suppressor | Guerreiro et al. (2019) |
| Gracilaria sp. (ethanol) | 0.5%/oral/59 | No pathogen | GP: SGR (↔), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 0.5% | Overcrowding stress reliever | Silva-Brito et al. (2020) |
| G. cornea (dried powder) | 5, 15, 25%/oral/70 | No pathogen | GP: WG (↔) | Not measured | Not measured | 25% | Partial substitution of fish meal | Rico et al. (2016) |
| G. gracilis (ethanol) | 0.15%/oral/52 | P. damselae ssp. piscicida | GP: WG (↔), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 38; 0.15% | Immunocompetent | Passos et al. (2021 a) |
| G. gracilis (dried powder) | 0.15%/oral/52 | P. damselae ssp. piscicida | GP: WG (+), FCR (-) |
| Not measured | 52; 5% | Growth promoter | Passos et al. (2021 a) |
| G. gracilis | 2.5% natural filtered (NF) or blue filtered (BF)/oral/90 | Photobacterium damselae; 5 × 105 | Not measured |
| Not measured | 100; 2.5% | Antibacterial, immunostimulant, antioxidant | Silva-Brito et al. (2022) |
| G. vermiculophylla (hot water) | 5%/oral/34 | Acute hypoxia | GP: FW (↔), WG (↔), FCR (↔) |
| Not measured | 60.7; 5% | Hypoxia stress reliever, antioxidant | Magnoni et al. (2017) |
| Sole (Solea senegalensis) | ||||||||
| H. cornea (water) | 10, 5, 2, 1 mg/mL/in vitro/1 | P. damselae ssp. piscicida | Not measured | I: RB (↔) | Not measured | 5 mg | Immunostimulant | Díaz-Rosales et al. (2007) |
| H. cornea (ethanol) | 10, 5, 2, 1 mg/mL/in vitro/1 | P. damselae ssp. piscicida; 1 × 108 | Not measured | I: RB (+) | Not measured | 10 mg | Immunostimulant | Díaz-Rosales et al. (2007) |
| H. cornea (polysaccharide fraction) | 10, 5, 2, 1 mg/mL/in vitro/1 | P. damselae ssp. piscicida | Not measured | I: RB (↔) | Not measured | 5 mg | Immunostimulant | Díaz-Rosales et al. (2007) |
| Striped snakehead (Channa striatus) | ||||||||
| Gracilaria sp. (dried powder) | 5%/oral/56 | No pathogen | GP: FW (-), WG (-), PER (-) | Not measured | Not measured | Not reported | Partial feed binder | Hashim and Saat (1992) |
| C. crispus (carrageenan) | 5%/oral/56 | No pathogen | GP: FW (+), WG (-), PER (+) | Not measured | Not measured | Not reported | Feed binder | Hashim and Saat (1992) |
| Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta) | ||||||||
| Gracilaria sp. (dried powder) | 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%/oral/56 | Not measured | GP: SGR (↔), FI (↔) |
| Not measured | 100; 12% | Immunostimulant, antioxidant | Seyedalhosseini et al. (2024 b) |
| Thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) | ||||||||
| P. purpurea (dried powder) | 9, 18%/oral/70 | No pathogen |
| Not measured | Not measured | 18% | Partial substitution of fish meal | Davies et al. (1997) |
| White-spotted spinefoot (Siganus canaliculatus) | ||||||||
| G. lemaneiformis (dried powder) | 33%/oral/56 | No pathogen |
| I: ACH (+), Lyz (+), SOD (↔) | Not measured | 33% | Feed ingredient | Xu et al. (2011) |
[i] A: antioxidants; Agt: agglutination titer; Alb: albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; Amy: amylase; Anp: antiprotease; APs: aminopeptidase; ASH: ash; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BC: body composition; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cat: catalase; CL: crude lipid; Cli: complement-like immune factor; Cor: cortisol; CP: crude protein; CPT1: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; Cr: crustin; CTr: chymotrypsin; DGI: daily growth index; DGR: daily growth rate; DM: dry matter; E: energy; En: enzymes; Eos: eosinophils; FCR: feed conversion ratio; FE: feed efficiency; FI: feed intake; FW: final weight; GH: growth hormone; Glb: globulin; Glu: glucose; GOT: glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase; GP: growth performance; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GPT: glutamic pyruvate transaminase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; GS-t: glutathione S-transferase; H: hematological; Hb: hemoglobin; HC: hyaline cell; Hct: hematocrit; I: immunological; IAP: intestinal alkaline phosphatase; IE: intestinal enzymes; IG: immune genes; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IH: intestinal health; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL6: interleukin-6; L: lipid; Lac: lactate; Lip: lipase; LPx: lipid peroxidation; Lym: lymphophil; Lyz: lysozyme; Lyz II: lysozyme II; M: moisture; Mal: maltase; MBA: mucus bactericidal activity; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MDA: malondialdehyde; Mon: monophil; MPx: myeloperoxidase; Mx: myxovirus resistance gene; NA: not available; NBT: nitroblue tetrazolium; Neu: neutrophil; NFE: nitrogen free extract; NFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NPU: net protein utilization; O−2: superoxide anion; OD: optimal dose; PA: peroxidase activity; Pha: phagocytic activity; PI: phagocytic index; PLE: pressurized liquid extraction; PPAR α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; PPV: protein productive value; Prot: protease; Ps: phosphatase; Px: peroxidase activity; RB: respiratory burst activity; RBC: red blood cell; RPS: relative percent survival; S: serological; SBA: serum bactericidal activity; SGR: specific growth rate; SI: sucrase-isomaltase; SLE: solid–liquid extraction; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; tGSH: total glutathione; Thro: thrombocytes; TIg: total immunoglobulin; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; TLR5: toll-like receptor 5; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TP: total protein; TP2: tilapia piscidin 2; TP3: tilapia piscidin 3; TP4: tilapia piscidin 4; Tr: trypsin; Trf: transferrin; Trig: triglycerides; VA: villus area; VFI: voluntary feed intake; WBC: white blood cell; WG: weight gain; WSSV: white spot syndrome virus; α-Amy: alpha-amylase; (+): significant increase; (-): significant decrease; (↔): no significant difference.