References
- Abdel-Raheem S.M., Hassan E.H. (2021). Effects of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activities and growth performance of buffalo calves. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 28: 4430–4436.
- Abdoun K.A., Suliman G.M., Alsagan A.A., Altahir O.A., Alsaiady M.Y., Babiker E.E., Al-Badwi M.A., Alshamiry F.A., Al-Haidary A.A. (2024). Replacing alfalfa-based total mixed ration with Moringa leaves for improving carcass and meat quality characteristics in lambs. Heliyon, 10: e36863.
- Afzal A., Hussain T., Hameed A. (2021). Moringa oleifera Supplementation Improves Antioxidant Status and Biochemical Indices by Attenuating Early Pregnancy Stress in Beetal Goats. Front Nutr, 8: 700957.
- Ammar H., Kholif A.E., Henrique Horst E., Haro Marti M.E. de, Almeida Teixeira I.A.M. de, Hlel N., Morsy T.A., Fahmy M., Gouda G.A., Mateos I., López S., Chahine M. (2024). Chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics of leaves and stems of Moringa oleifera and Leucaena leucocephala as potential feedstuffs for sheep. Cogent Food Agric., 10: 2405881.
- Anele U.Y., Yang W.Z., McGinn P.J., Tibbetts S.M., McAllister T.A. (2016). Ruminal in vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility, methane abatement potential, and fatty acid biohydrogenation of six species of microalgae. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 96: 354–363.
- AOAC (2005). Official method of Analysis. Washington DC, AOAC International.
- Babiker E.E., Juhaimi F.A.L., Ghafoor K., Abdoun K.A. (2017). Comparative study on feeding value of Moringa leaves as a partial replacement for alfalfa hay in ewes and goats. Livest. Sci., 195: 21–26.
- Bhokre S.M., Rajanna N., Chandra A.S., Nagalakshmi D., Ramana D.B.V., Kumar M.S. (2021). Effect of inclusion of Moringa oliefera leaf meal on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of Deccani lambs. Asian J. Dairy Food Res., 42: 478–483.
- Boukrouh S., Noutfia A., Moula N., Avril C., Louvieaux J., Hornick J.-L., Chentouf M., Cabaraux J.-F. (2024). Characterisation of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd) ecotypes: An ancient and promising legume. Exp. Agric., 60: e19.
- Cohen-Zinder M., Weinberg Z., Leibovich H., Chen Y., Rosen M., Sagi G., Orlov A., Agmon R., Yishay M., Miron J., Shabtay A. (2017). Ensiled Moringa oleifera: An antioxidant-rich feed that improves dairy cattle performance. J. Agric. Sci., 155: 1174–1186.
- Colgrave M.L., Dominik S., Tobin A.B., Stockmann R., Simon C., Howitt C.A., Belobrajdic D.P., Paull C., Vanhercke T. (2021). Perspectives on future protein production. J. Agric. Food Chem., 69: 15076–15083.
- Correddu F., Lunesu M.F., Buffa G., Atzori A.S., Nudda A., Battacone G., Pulina G. (2020). Can agro-industrial by-products rich in polyphenols be advantageously used in the feeding and nutrition of dairy small ruminants? Animals, 10: 131.
- Dhanoa M.S., López S., France J. (2008). Linear models for determining digestibility. In: Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition, p. 12–46. France, J., Kebreab, E., Eds. UK, CABI,.
- Ebeid H.M., Kholif A.E., Chrenkova M., Anele U.Y. (2020a). Ruminal fermentation kinetics of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed as protein feeds in dairy cow diets: in sacco degradability and protein and fiber fractions assessed by the CNCPS method. Agrofor. Syst., 94: 905–915.
- Ebeid H.M., Mengwei L., Kholif A.E., Hassan F. ul, Lijuan P., Xin L., Chengjian Y. (2020b). Moringa oleifera oil modulates rumen microflora to mediate in vitro fermentation kinetics and methanogenesis in total mix rations. Curr. Microbiol., 77: 1271–1282.
- Etim N.N., Enyenihi G.E., Williams M.E., Udo M.D., Offiong E.E.A. (2013). Haematological parameters: indicators of the physiological status of farm animals. British Journal of Science, 10: 33–45.
- Gadzama I.U., Ray S., Méité R., Mugweru I.M., Gondo T., Rahman M.A., Redoy M.R.A., Rohani M.F., Kholif A.E., Salahuddin M., Brito A.F. (2025). Chlorella vulgaris as a Livestock Supplement and Animal Feed: A Comprehensive Review. Animals, 15: 879.
- Hoeck V. Van, Rizos D., Gutierrez-Adan A., Pintelon I., Jorssen E., Dufort I., Sirard M.A., Verlaet A., Hermans N., Bols P.E.J., Leroy J.L.M.R. (2015). Interaction between differential gene expression profile and phenotype in bovine blastocysts originating from oocytes exposed to elevated non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 27: 372.
- Hridoy M.A.A.M., Munny F.J., Shahriar F., Rahman M.M., Islam M.F., Kazmi A., Kawsar, M.A. (2025). Exploring the potentials of Sajana (Moringa oleifera Lam.) as a plant-based feed ingredient to sustainable and good aquaculture practices: an analysis of growth performance and health benefits. Aquac. Res., 2025: 3580123.
- INRA (2018). INRA feeding system for ruminants. The Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers.
- Jones M., Jones G. (2012). Animal nutrition. UK, Pearson Education Limited.
- Kekana T.W., Marume U., Nherera-Chokuda F. V. (2022). Prepartum supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal: Effects on health of the dam, colostrum quality, and acquisition of immunity in the calf. J. Dairy. Sci., 105: 5813–5821.
- Kholif A.E., Gouda G.A., Abu Elella A.A., Patra A.K. (2022). Moringa oleifera leaves silage and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae mixture in diets of Damascus goats: lactation performance, nutrient utilization, and ruminal fermentation. Animals, 12: 1589.
- Kholif A.E., Gouda G.A., Morsy T.A., Matloup O.H., Sallam S.M., Patra A.K. (2023). Associative effects between Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and Moringa oleifera leaf silage used at different levels decreased in vitro ruminal greenhouse gas production and altered ruminal fermentation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 30: 6001–6020.
- Kholif A.E., Kassab A.Y., Hamdon H.A. (2021). Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and copper mixture supplementation enhanced the nutrient digestibility and milk attributes in lactating Boer goats. Ann. Anim. Sci., 21: 939–957.
- Kholif A.E., Olafadehan O.A. (2021a). Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in ruminant nutrition: A review of the chemical composition and nutritive value. Ann. Anim. Sci., 21: 789–806.
- Kholif A.E., Olafadehan O.A. (2021b). Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diet: chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization and productive performance. Phytochem. Rev., 20: 1087–1108.
- Kotrbáček V., Doubek J., Doucha J. (2015). The chlorococcalean alga Chlorella in animal nutrition: a review. J. Appl. Phycol., 27: 2173–2180.
- Kovač D., Simeunović J., Babić O., Mišan A.Č., Milovanović I.Lj. (2013). Algae in food and feed. Food Feed Res., 40: 21–31.
- Lamminen M., Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A., Kokkonen T., Jaakkola S., Vanhatalo A. (2019). Different microalgae species as a substitutive protein feed for soya bean meal in grass silage based dairy cow diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 247: 112–126.
- Makkar H.P.S. (2003). Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
- Meier B., Julkunen-Tiitto R., Tahvanainen J., Sticher O. (1988). Comparative high-performance liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic glucosides in salicaceae species. J. Chromatogr. A., 442: 175–186.
- Moran D., Blair K.J. (2021). Review: Sustainable livestock systems: anticipating demand-side challenges. Animal, 15: 100288.
- Morsy T.A., Hadhoud F.I., Kholif A.E., Abu Elella A.A., Olafadehan O.A. (2022a). Potential of Moringa oleifera silage to replace concentrate feed mixture in diet of lactating Damascus goats. Ann. Anim. Sci., 22: 1373–1383.
- NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Washington, D.C., D.C., USA, National Academies Press.
- NRC (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. Washington, D.C., National Academies Press.
- Ramos-Morales E., la Fuente G. de, Duval S., Wehrli C., Bouillon M., Lahmann M., Preskett D., Braganca R., Newbold C.J. (2017). Antiprotozoal effect of saponins in the rumen can be enhanced by chemical modifications in their structure. Front. Microbiol., 8: 399.
- Rippka R., Deruelles J., Waterbury J.B. (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol., 111: 1–61.
- Ryle M., Ørskov E.R. (1990). Energy Nutrition in Ruminants. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
- Saadaoui I., Rasheed R., Aguilar A., Cherif M., Jabri H. Al, Sayadi S., Manning S.R. (2021). Microalgal-based feed: promising alternative feedstocks for livestock and poultry production. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12: 1–15.
- Samanta A.K., Jayapal N., Senani S., Kolte A.P., Sridhar M. (2013). Prebiotic inulin: Useful dietary adjuncts to manipulate the livestock gut microflora. Braz. J. Microbiol., 44: 1–14.
- Soest P.J. Van, Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583–3597.
- Spínola M.P., Mendes A.R., Prates J.A.M. (2024). Chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in food, feed, and medicine. Foods, 13: 3656.
- Su B., Chen X. (2020). Current status and potential of Moringa oleifera leaf as an alternative protein source for animal feeds. Front. Vet. Sci., 7: 53.
- Sultana S. (2020). Nutritional and functional properties of Moringa oleifera. Metabol Open, 8: 100061.
- Tibbetts S.M., MacPherson T., McGinn P.J., Fredeen A.H. (2016). In vitro digestion of microalgal biomass from freshwater species isolated in Alberta, Canada for monogastric and ruminant animal feed applications. Algal. Res., 19: 324–332.
- Tsiplakou E., Abdullah M.A.M., Skliros D., Chatzikonstantinou M., Flemetakis E., Labrou N., Zervas G. (2017). The effect of dietary Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on micro-organism community, enzyme activities and fatty acid profile in the rumen liquid of goats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 101: 275–283.
- Valdivié-Navarro M., Martínez-Aguilar Y., Mesa-Fleitas O., Botello-León A., Betancur Hurtado C., Velázquez-Martí B. (2020). Review of Moringa oleifera as forage meal (leaves plus stems) intended for the feeding of non-ruminant animals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 260: 114338.
- Wankhede S.D., Dutta N., Tambe M.B., Kaur N., Jadhav S.E., Pattanaik A.K. (2022). Effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera foliage on nutrient metabolism, metabolic profile, immunity and growth performance of goat kids. Emerging Animal Species., 3: 100005.
- Zaher H.A., Alawaash S.A., Tolba A.M., Swelum A.A., Abd El-Hack M.E., Taha A.E., Abdelnour S.A. (2020). Impacts of Moringa oleifera foliage substituted for concentrate feed on growth, nutrient digestibility, hematological attributes, and blood minerals of growing goats under Abu Dhabi conditions. Sustainability, 12: 6096.
- Zhang J., Zheng N., Shen W., Zhao S., Wang J. (2020). Synchrony degree of dietary energy and nitrogen release influences microbial community, fermentation, and protein synthesis in a rumen simulation system. Microorganisms, 8: 231.