Figure 1.
PRISMA analysis of searched literature and dataset
Table 1.
Emerging zoonotic diseases (EZDs): Etiology, characteristics, animal host, and pathology.
| Emerging disease | Year of first human case | Etiology | Characteristics of Etiological Agent | Animal host/Vector | Symptoms and Organ involved | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rabies | Ancient | Rhabdoviridae | bullet-like shape, ssRNA virus | Cat, dogs, bats, monkey | Nervous system | Burgos-Cáceres, 2011 |
| Newcastle disease | 1926 | Paramyxovirideae | ssRNA virus with negative sense | Poultry and wild birds | Conjunctivitis | Garbuglia et al. 2023 |
| Ebola Virus | 1976 | Filoviridae | Filamentous, enveloped, ssRNA virus | Bats | Hemorrhagic fever, CNS involvement | Bwaka et al. 1999 |
| Nipah Virus | 1998 | Paramyxoviridae | Pleomorphic, enveloped, negative-sense ssRNA | Fruit bats | CNS & respiratory disease | Bruno et al. 2023 |
| Monkeypox | 1970 | Poxviridae | Large dsDNA virus | Rodents, primates | Fever, | Petersen et al. 2019 |
| SARS & MERS | 2002, 2003 | Coronaviridae | Enveloped positive-sense ssRNA | Bats, camels | Respiratory failure | Peiris et al. 2021 |
| Zika Virus | 1947 | Flaviviridae | Icosahedral enveloped RNA virus | Monkeys, apes | Neurological disorders | Musso et al. 2016 |
| Chikungunya | 1952, 1953 | Togaviridae | Enveloped ssRNA | Aedes mosquitoes | Chronic arthritis | Suwanmanee et al. 2018 |
| Dengue | 1977 | Flaviviridae | Enveloped ssRNA | Aedes mosquitoes | Hemorrhagic fever | Chagas et al. 2022 |
| Avian Influenza | 1878 | Orthomyxoviridae | Segmented ssRNA | Water fowl | ARDS, lymphopenia | Kimble et al. 2024 |
| Rift Valley Fever | 1930 | Bunyaviridae | Tripartite RNA genome | Mosquitoes | Hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis | Kimble et al. 2024 |
| Crimean-Congo HF | 1967 | Bunyaviridae | Segmented negative ssRNA | Ticks, mammals | Severe hemorrhage | Dai et al. 2021 |
| Hantavirus | 1993 | Bunyaviridae | Tri-segmented RNA | Rodents | Pulmonary syndrome | Schmaljohn et al. 1983 |
| Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever | 1967 | Filoviridae | Negative-sense, ss RNA | Fruit bats and monkeys | Vascular system, hemorrhagic fever | Dai et al. 2021 |
| West Nile fever | 1937 | Flaviviridae | Positive-sense, ss RNA | Horse, birds and reptiles | Central nervous system | Chomel, 2014 |
| AIDS | 1981 | Retroviridae | Positive-sense, ss RNA | Monkey and chimpanzee | Immunosuppression, Influenza-like symptoms | Bengis et al. 2004 |
Figure 2:
Global distribution of Emerging Viral Zoonotic diseases
Figure 3:
Components of one health approach
Figure 4:
Surveillance and detection strategies for emerging zoonotic diseases under the One Health framework