References
- Abdullah AM, Sadiqul I, Mamunur R et al. (2006) Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and Addison's disease. Pak J Med Sci Quarterly 22(1).
https://pjms.com.pk/issues/janmar06/article/casereport1.html - Abraham S, Begum S, Isenberg D (2004) Hepatic manifestations of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 63:123–129.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2002.001826 - Aghdashi MA, Khadir M, Dinparasti-Saleh R (2020) Antinuclear antibodies and lupus-like manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients at 4 months' follow-up after treatment with infliximab and etanercept. Curr Rheumatol Rev 16:61–66.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397115666190506152729 - Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C et al. (2014) International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 73:17–23.
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203863 - Almeida RM, Silva ZDL, Leite FB et al. (2019) Antinuclear antibody patterns in patients with celiac disease. Biomed J Sci Tech Res 13.
https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.002418.php - Alsaed OS, Alamlih LI, Al-Radideh O et al. (2021) Clinical utility of ANA-ELISA vs ANA-immunofluorescence in connective tissue diseases. Sci Rep 11:8229.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87366-w - Altintas A, Cil T, Pasa S et al. (2008) Clinical significance of elevated antinuclear antibody test in patients with Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a single center experience. Minerva Medica 99(1):7–14. PMID: 18299692
- American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Immunologic Testing Guidelines. (2002) Guidelines for immunologic laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases: an introduction. Arthritis Care Res 47:429–433.
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10381 - Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A et al. (2015) Autoimmune thyroid disorders. Autoimmun Rev 14:174–180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.016 - Assassi S, Fritzler MJ, Arnett FC et al. (2009) Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), PBC autoantibodies, and hepatic parameter abnormalities in a large population of systemic sclerosis patients. J Rheumatol 36:2250–2256.
https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090340 - Astudillo L, Sailler L, Carreiro M et al. (2003) Psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare association with specific therapeutic problems. Annales de Médecine Interne (Paris) 154(1):3–6. French. PMID: 12746653
- Austin PM, Thompson HT, Brown AR (2012) Performance of the BMD FIDIS™ Connective 10® ENA luminex method in external quality assurance proficiency programmes in a diagnostic laboratory setting. New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 66:8–13.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287499065_Performance_of_the_BMD_FIDIS_Connective_10R_ENA_luminex_method_in_external_quality_assurance_profi_ciency_programmes_in_a_diagnostic_laboratory_setting - Avaniss-Aghajani E, Berzon S, Sarkissian A (2007) Clinical value of multiplexed bead-based immunoassays for detection of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14:505–509.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00034-07 - Aydin S (2015) A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA. Peptides 72:4–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012 - Barahona-Garrido J, Camacho-Escobedo J, García-Martínez CI et al. (2009) Antinuclear antibodies: a marker associated with steroid dependence in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15:1039–1043.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20852 - Beigel F, Schnitzler F, Paul Laubender R et al. (2011) Formation of antinuclear and double-strand DNA antibodies and frequency of lupus-like syndrome in anti-TNF-α antibody-treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:91–98.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21362 - Betterle C, Presotto F, Furmaniak J (2019) Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Addison's disease in adults. J Endocrinol Invest 42:1407–1433.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01079-6 - Blondin DA, Zhang Z, Shideler KK et al. (2009) Prevalence of non-organ-specific autoantibodies in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Cutan Med Surg 13:82–87.
https://doi.org/10.2310/7750.2008.08001 - Bonilla E, Francis L, Allam F et al. (2007) Immunofluorescence microscopy is superior to fluorescent beads for detection of antinuclear antibody reactivity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Clin Immunol 124:18–21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.010 - Bossuyt X, De Langhe E, Borghi MO et al. (2020) Understanding and interpreting antinuclear antibody tests in systemic rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 16:715–726.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-00522-w - Butler TAJ, Paul JW, Chan EC et al. (2019) Misleading Westerns: common quantification mistakes in Western blot densitometry and proposed corrective measures. Biomed Res Int 2019:5214821.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5214821 - Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E (2017) Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13:674–686.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.99 - Carrizosa AM, Elorza FL, Camacho FM (1997) Antinuclear antibodies in patients with lichen planus. Exp Dermatol 6:54–56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1997.tb00146.x - Carroccio A, D'Alcamo A, Cavataio F et al. (2015) High proportions of people with nonceliac wheat sensitivity have autoimmune disease or antinuclear antibodies. Gastroenterology 149:596–603.e1.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.040 - Cassani F, Cataleta M, Valentini P et al. (1997) Serum autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C: comparison with autoimmune hepatitis and impact on the disease profile. Hepatology 26:561–566.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260305 - Chakravarty EF, Bush TM, Manzi S et al. (2007) Prevalence of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in California and Pennsylvania in 2000: estimates obtained using hospitalization data. Arthritis Rheum 56:2092–2094.
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22641 - Choi H-W, Kwon YJ, Park J-H et al. (2020) Evaluation of a fully automated antinuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence assay in routine use. Front Immunol 11:607541.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.607541 - Colapietro F, Lleo A, Generali E (2021) Antimitochondrial antibodies: from bench to bedside. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 63:166–177.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08904-y - Courvalin JC, Lassoued K, Bartnik E et al. (1990) The 210-kD nuclear envelope polypeptide recognized by human autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis is the major glycoprotein of the nuclear pore. J Clin Invest 86:279–285.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114696 - Da Costa GM, Forga Llenas L, Martínez Bruna MS et al. (1992) Adrenal hemorrhage linked to systemic lupus erythematosus associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rev Clín Esp 191:54–5. Spanish. PMID: 1631369
- Damoiseaux J, von Mühlen CA, Garcia-De La Torre I et al. (2016) International consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP): the bumpy road towards a consensus on reporting ANA results. Autoimmunity Highlights 7(1):1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13317-016-0075-0 - Damoiseaux J, Boesten K, Giesen J et al. (2005) Evaluation of a novel line-blot immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens. Ann NY Acad Sci 1050:340–347.
https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1313.036 - Damoiseaux J, von Mühlen CA, Garcia-De La Torre I et al. (2016) International consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP): the bumpy road towards a consensus on reporting ANA results. Auto Immun Highlights 7:1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13317-016-0075-0 - Davidson A, Diamond B (2001) Autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 345:340–350.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200108023450506 - de Castro GLC, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Araújo MS et al. (2022) High prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Med Res 27:180.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00809-6 - Deng X, Peters B, Ettore MW et al. (2016) Utility of antinuclear antibody screening by various methods in a clinical laboratory patient cohort. J Appl Lab Med 1:36–46.
https://doi.org/10.1373/jalm.2016.020172 - Didier K, Bolko L, Giusti D et al. (2018) Autoantibodies associated with connective tissue diseases: what meaning for clinicians? Front Immunol 9:541.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00541 - Dunn W, Shah VH (2016) Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 20:445–456.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2016.02.004 - Favoino E, Grapsi E, Barbuti G et al. (2023) Systemic sclerosis and primary biliary cholangitis share an antibody population with identical specificity. Clin Exp Immunol 212:32–38.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cei/uxad012 - Fernandez SA, Lobo AZ, Oliveira ZN et al. (2003) Prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies in the serum of normal blood dornors. Rev Hosp Clín Fac Med Sao Paulo 58:315–319.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0041-87812003000600005 - Fritzler MJ, Behmanesh F, Fritzler ML (2006) Analysis of human sera that are polyreactive in an addressable laser bead immunoassay. Clin Immunol 120:349–356.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2006.03.007 - García MJ, Rodríguez-Duque JC, Pascual M et al. (2022) Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease and seroconversion after biological therapy. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 15:17562848221077837.
https://doi.org/10.1177/17562848221077837 - Ge Q, Gu X, Yu W et al. (2022) Antinuclear antibodies in healthy population: positive association with abnormal tissue metabolism, inflammation and immune dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 113:109292.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109292 - Giannouli E, Chatzidimitriou D, Gerou S et al. (2013) Frequency and specificity of antibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens in healthy individuals by classic and new methods. Clin Rheumatol 32:1541–1546.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-013-2284-5 - Giavedoni LD (2005) Simultaneous detection of multiple cytokines and chemokines from nonhuman primates using Luminex technology. J Immunol Methods 301:89–101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2005.03.015 - Gilburd B, Abu-Shakra M, Shoenfeld Y et al. (2004) Autoantibodies profile in the sera of patients with Sjogren's syndrome: the ANA evaluation—a homogeneous, multiplexed system. Clin Dev Immunol 11:53–56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10446670410001670490 - Gilda JE, Ghosh R, Cheah JX et al. (2015) Western blotting inaccuracies with unverified antibodies: need for a Western Blotting Minimal Reporting Standard (WBMRS). PLoS One 10:e0135392.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135392 - Gillespie KM (2006) Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention. CMAJ 175:165–170.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060244 - Godswill OC, Odigie OO (2014) Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare occurrence. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 5(10):1324–7. PMID: 25400892; PMCID: PMC4223953.
- Golberg O, Osborne JE, Hutchinson PE (2011) Antinuclear antibodies associate with loss of response to antitumour necrosis factor-α therapy in psoriasis but do not necessarily predict treatment failure. Br J Dermatol 164:459–460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10101.x - Granito A, Yang WH, Muratori L et al. (2010) PML nuclear body component Sp140 is a novel autoantigen in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 105:125–131.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.596 - Grygiel-Górniak B, Rogacka N, Puszczewicz M (2018) Antinuclear antibodies in healthy people and non-rheumatic diseases—diagnostic and clinical implications. Reumatologia 56:243–248.
https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2018.77976 - Grygiel-Górniak B, Skoczek W (2023) Molecular background and clinical implications of glucose disorders in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Med 12:5814.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185814 - Guyomard S, Salles G, Coudurier M et al. (2003) Prevalence and pattern of antinuclear autoantibodies in 347 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 123:90–99.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04587.x - Hanly JG, Su L, Farewell V et al. (2010) Comparison between multiplex assays for autoantibody detection in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Methods 358:75–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2010.04.005 - Heras P, Mantzioros M, Mendrinos D et al. (2010) Autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 90:e40–e42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.08.015 - Hsieh M-Y, Dai CY, Lee LP et al. (2007) Antinuclear antibody is associated with a more advanced fibrosis and lower RNA levels of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Pathol 61:333–337.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.046276 - Infantino M, Meacci F, Grossi V et al. (2017) The burden of the variability introduced by the HEp-2 assay kit and the CAD system in ANA indirect immunofluorescence test. Immunol Res 65:345–354.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-016-8845-3 - Ingold CJ, Sathe NC, Khan MAB (2024) Pemphigus vulgaris. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL.
- Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Ranftler C et al. (2005) Antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 25:298–310.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-916321 - Jaskowski TD, Schroder C, Martins TB et al. (1996) Screening for antinuclear antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol 105:468–473.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/105.4.468 - Kasperkiewicz M, Ellebrecht CT, Takahashi H et al. (2017) Pemphigus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:17026.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.26 - Kątnik-Prastowska I (2009) Immunochemia w biologii medycznej. PWN, Warszawa. ISBN: 9788301158125.
- Kennedy NA, Heap GA, Green HD et al. (2019) Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn's disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:341–353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30012-3 - Koch A, Mizrahi V (2018) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 26:555–556.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.02.012 - Kohl TO, Ascoli CA (2017) Direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017:db.rot093740.
https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot093740 - Konstantinou GN (2017) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol 1592:79–94.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_7 - Kridin K, Laufer-Britva R, Kridin M et al. (2019) The relationship between pemphigus and systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Immunol Res 67:116–122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-019-9065-4 - Kroon C, Breuer L, Jones L et al. (2022) Blind spots on western blots: assessment of common problems in western blot figures and methods reporting with recommendations to improve them. PLoS Biol 9:e3001783.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001783 - Kumar V (2007) Pernicious anemia. Medical Laboratory Observer 39(2):28, 30–1. PMID: 17375844
- Kumar Y, Bhatia A, Minz R (2009) Antinuclear antibodies and their detection methods in diagnosis of connective tissue diseases: a journey revisited. Diagn Pathol 4:1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-4-1 - Küppers R, Schmitz R, Distler V et al. (2005) Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Haematol Suppl 66:26–33.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00451.x - Kurki P, Gripenberg M, Teppo AM et al. (1984) Profiles of antinuclear antibodies in chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease. Liver 4:134–138.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0676.1984.tb00918.x - Lallier SW, Hill CL, Nichols DP et al. (2019) Protein abundance determination: an optimized Western blot workflow. Ann Clin Lab Sci 49:507–512. PMID: 31471341.
- Lanzolla G, Puccinelli L, Giudetti M et al. (2023) Anti-nuclear autoantibodies in Graves' disease and Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 46:337–344.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01906-3 - Laskin CA, Vidins E, Blendis LM et al. (1990) Autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Med 89:129–133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(90)90288-O - Leuschner U (2003) Primary biliary cirrhosis—presentation and diagnosis. Clin Liver Dis 7:741–758.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1089-3261(03)00101-6 - Li X, Liu X, Cui J et al. (2019) Epidemiological survey of antinuclear antibodies in healthy population and analysis of clinical characteristics of positive population. J Clin Lab Anal 33:e22965.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22965 - Lian M, Hua J, Sheng L et al. (2013) Prevalence and significance of autoantibodies in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Dig Dis 14:396–401.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12057 - Liberal R, Grant CR, Sakkas L et al. (2013) Diagnostic and clinical significance of anti-centromere antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 37:572–585.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2013.04.005 - Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Gao B et al. (2010) Definition of human autoimmunity—autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A259–A266.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2009.12.002 - López Casado MÁ, Lorite P, Ponce de León C et al. (2018) Celiac disease autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 66:423–430.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-018-0520-z - Lundgren MC, Sapkota S, Peterson DJ et al. (2021) The antinuclear antibody dense fine speckled pattern and possible clinical associations: an indication of a proinflammatory microenvironment. J Immunol Methods 488:112904.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2020.112904 - Marin GG, Cardiel MH, Cornejo H et al. (2009) Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in 3 groups of healthy individuals. J Clin Rheumatol 15:325–329.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181bb971b - McSorley HJ, Maizels RM (2012) Helminth infections and host immune regulation. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:585–608.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05040-11 - Meroni PL, Schur PH (2010) ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1420–1422.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.127100 - Montes CL, Acosta-Rodríguez EV, Merino MC et al. (2007) Polyclonal B cell activation in infections: infectious agents' devilry or defense mechanism of the host? J Leukoc Biol 82:1027–1032.
https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0407214 - Morawiec-Szymonik E, Foltyn W, Marek B et al. (2019) Pernicious anemia and the presence of antibodies involved in the development of this disease and other autoimmune diseases. Pol Arch Intern Med 130:31–37.
https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15094 - Muratori P, Muratori L, Verucchi G et al. (2003) Non-organ-specific autoantibodies in children with chronic hepatitis C: clinical significance and impact on interferon treatment. Clin Infect Dis 37:1320–1326.
https://doi.org/10.1086/379018 - Murdjeva MA, Ryasheva NP, Draganov MM et al. (2011) A comparative study of immunological methods for determination of serum antinuclear antibodies. Folia Med 53:21–27.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10153-011-0063-0 - Mutapi F, Imai N, Nausch N et al. (2011) Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels. PLoS One 6:e19149.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019149 - Naides SJ, Genzen JR, Abel G et al. (2020) Antinuclear antibodies testing method variability: a survey of participants in the College of American Pathologists' proficiency testing program. J Rheumatol 47:1768–1773.
https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190933 - Nisihara RM, de Bem RS, Hausberger R et al. (2003) Prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Arch Dermatol Res 295:133–137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-003-0412-9 - Nogai H, Dörken B, Lenz G (2011) Pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 29:1803–1811.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.33.3252 - Notsu K, Note S, Nabeya N et al. (1983) Antinuclear antibodies in childhood diabetics. Endocrinol Jpn 30:469–473.
https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj1954.30.469 - Op De Beéck K, Vermeersch P, Verschueren P et al. (2012) Antinuclear antibody detection by automated multiplex immunoassay in untreated patients at the time of diagnosis. Autoimmun Rev 12:137–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2012.02.013 - Ozaki S, Ichiyama S, Ito M et al. (2022) Real-world blood examination screening data before initiation of biologics for psoriasis patients. J Dermatol 49:534–538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.16333 - Pashnina IA, Krivolapova IM, Fedotkina TV et al. (2021) Antinuclear autoantibodies in health: autoimmunity is not a synonym of autoimmune disease. Antibodies 10:9.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10010009 - Patrikiou E, Liaskos C, Mavropoulos A et al. (2020) Autoantibodies against specific nuclear antigens are present in psoriatic disease and are diminished by secukinumab. Clin Chim Acta 510: 400–407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.037 - Peng X, Tang J, Wu Y et al. (2014) Novel method for ANA quantitation using IIF imaging system. J Immunol Methods 404:52–58.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.12.004 - Peng YC, Hsieh SC, Yang DY et al. (2001) Expression and clinical significance of antinuclear antibody in hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 33:402–406.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200111000-00012 - Pham BN, Albarede S, Guyard A et al. (2005) Impact of external quality assessment on antinuclear antibody detection performance. Lupus 14:113–119.
https://doi.org/10.1191/0961203305lu2069oa - Pillai-Kastoori L, Schutz-Geschwender AR, Harford JA (2020) A systematic approach to quantitative Western blot analysis. Anal Biochem 593:113608.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.113608 - Pisetsky DS (2011) Antinuclear antibodies in healthy people: the tip of autoimmunity's iceberg? Arthritis Res Ther 13:109.
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3282 - Racoubian E, Zubaid RM, Shareef MA et al. (2016) Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in healthy Lebanese subjects, 2008–2015: a cross-sectional study involving 10,814 subjects. Rheumatol Int 36:1231–1236.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3533-0 - Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G et al. (2019) Hashimotos' thyroiditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:101367.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367 - Rambhia KD, Kharkar V, Pradhan V et al. (2018) A study of prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with lichen planus from Mumbai, India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 84:667–671.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_182_17 - Ramirez De Oleo IE, Mejia Saldarriaga M, Silverman M et al. (2017) Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type IIIB: hyperthyroidism and pernicious anemia, a reminder of the past. J Endocrinol Metab 7:159–161.
https://doi.org/10.14740/jem451w - Rendon A, Schäkel K (2019) Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 20:1475.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061475 - Ricchiuti V, Adams J, Hardy DJ et al. (2018) Automated processing and evaluation of anti-nuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence testing. Front Immunol 9:927.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.0092 - Rigamonti C, Bogdanos DP, Mytilinaiou MG et al. (2011) Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with systemic sclerosis: diagnostic and clinical challenges. Int J Rheumatol 2011:976427.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/976427 - Rigon A, Buzzulini F, Soda P et al. (2011) Novel opportunities in automated classification of antinuclear antibodies on hep-2 cells. Autoimmun Rev 10:647–652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.022 - Rigon A, Infantino M, Merone M et al. (2017) The inter-observer reading variability in anti-nuclear antibodies indirect (ANA) immunofluorescence test: a multicenter evaluation and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 16:1224–1229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.006 - Rigopoulou EI, Davies ET, Pares A et al. (2005) Prevalence and clinical significance of isotype specific antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 54:528–532.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2003.036558 - Robier C, Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai O, Stettin M et al. (2015) Comparison of the clinical utility of the Elia CTD Screen to indirect immunofluorescence on Hep-2 cells. Clin Chem Lab Med 54:1365–1370.
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2015-1051 - Rouquette AM, Desgruelles C, Laroche P (2003) Evaluation of the new multiplexed immunoassay, FIDIS, for simultaneous quantitative determination of antinuclear antibodies and comparison with conventional methods. Am J Clin Pathol 120:676–681.
https://doi.org/10.1309/GJHK-0D24-YDDX-W0NF - Saeki H, Mabuchi T, Asahina A et al. (2023) English version of Japanese guidance for use of biologics for psoriasis (the 2022 version). J Dermatol 50:e41–e68.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.16691 - Saleh MA, Salem H, El Azizy H (2017) Autoantibodies other than anti-desmogleins in pemphigus vulgaris patients. Indian J Dermatol 62:47–51.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.198032 - Satoh M, Chan EK, Ho LA et al. (2012) Prevalence and sociode-mographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 64:2319–2327.
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34380 - Satoh M, Tanaka S, Chan EK (2015) The uses and misuses of multiplex autoantibody assays in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol 6:181.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.0018 - Scholz J, Grossmann K, Knütter I et al. (2015) Second generation analysis of antinuclear antibody (ANA) by combination of screening and confirmatory testing. Clin Chem Lab Med 53:1991–2002.
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2015-0083 - Şener AG, Aydın N, Ceylan C et al. (2018) Investigation of antinuclear antibodies in chronic hepatitis B patients. Mikrobiyol Bul 52:425–430.
https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.67262 - Sezin T, Vorobyev A, Sadik CD et al. (2018) Gene expression analysis reveals novel shared gene signatures and candidate molecular mechanisms between pemphigus and systemic lupus erythematosus in CD4+ T cells. Front Immunol 8:1992.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01992 - Shah K, Maghsoudlou P (2016) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): the basics. Br J Hosp Med 77:C98–C101.
https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2016.77.7.C98 - Shen C-Y, Hsieh S-C, Yu C-L et al. (2013) Autoantibody prevalence in active tuberculosis: reactive or pathognomonic? BMJ Open 3:e002665.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002665 - Shovman O, Gilburd B, Zandman-Goddard G et al. (2005) Multiplexed AtheNA multi-lyte immunoassay for ANA screening in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 38:105–109.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0891693040002270 - Singal AK, Bataller R, Ahn J et al. (2018) ACG clinical guideline: alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 113:175–194.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.469 - Singh S, Singh U, Singh S (2010) Prevalence of autoantibodies in patients of psoriasis. J Clin Lab Anal 24:44–48.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20365 - Soda P, Onofri L, Iannello G (2011) A decision support system for Crithidia luciliae image classification. Artif Intell Med 51:67–74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2010.05.005 - Solimani F, Forchhammer S, Schloegl A et al. (2021) Lichen planus—a clinical guide. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 19:864–882.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14565 - Solomon DH, Kavanaugh AJ, Schur PH et al. (2002) Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: antinuclear antibody testing. Arthritis Rheum 47:434–444.
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10561 - Sternsdorf T, Guldner HH, Szostecki C et al. (1995) Two nuclear dot-associated proteins, PML and SplOO, are often co-autoimmunogenic in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Scand J Immunol 42:257–268.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03652.x - Strachan DP (1989) Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299:1259–1260.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259 - Sun Q, Wang L, Zhu HY et al. (2019) Presence of serum antinuclear antibodies correlating unfavorable overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chin Med J 132:525–533.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000114 - Swana G, Kariyawasam D, Carroll P et al. (2019) Practical aspects of introduction of multiplex bead technology into the routine diagnostic immunology laboratory. Clin Lab 65.
https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190147 - Tabatabaei MS, Ahmed M (2022) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol 2508:115–134.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2376-3_10 - Tektonidou MG (2004) Presence of systemic autoimmune disorders in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Ann Rheumatol Dis 63:1159–1161.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.022624 - Tiede I, Fritz G, Strand S et al. (2003) CD28-dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 111:1133–1145.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI16432 - Tiplady CW, Hamilton PJ, Galloway MJ (2000) Acquired haemophilia complicating the remission of a patient with high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated by fludarabine. Clin Lab Haematol 22:163–165.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2257.2000.00308.x - Torok KS, Arkachaisri T (2010) Autoimmune thyroiditis in antinuclear antibody positive children without rheumatologic disease. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 8:15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1546-0096-8-15 - Trépo C, Chan HLY, Lok A (2014) Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 384:2053–2063.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60220-8 - Vaglio A, Grayson PC, Fenaroli P et al. (2018) Drug-induced lupus: traditional and new concepts. Autoimmun Rev 17:912–918.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.03.016 - van Zuuren EJ, Arents BWM, van der Linden MMD et al. (2021) Rosacea: new concepts in classification and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 22:457–465.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00595-7 - Vavricka SR, Schoepfer A, Scharl M et al. (2015) Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 21:1982–1992.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000392 - Vergani D, Bogdanos D-P (2003) Positive markers in AMA-negative PBC. Am J Gastroenterol 98:241–243.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07270.x - Vignali DAA (2000) Multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assays. J Immunol Methods 243:243–255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1759(00)00238-6 - Walker JG, Doniach D, Roitt IM et al. (1965) Serological tests in diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 285:827–831.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(65)91372-3 - Wang R, Zhao H, Liu Y et al. (2021) Antinuclear antibodies with a nucleolar pattern are associated with a significant reduction in the overall survival of patients with leukemia: a retrospective cohort study. Front Oncol 11:631038.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.631038 - Wang X, Fu Q, Song R et al. (2018) Antinuclear antibodies and interleukin responses in patients with Schistosoma japonicum infection. Parasite Immunol 40:e12577.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12577 - Watt FE, James OFW, Jones DEJ (2004) Patterns of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis patients and their families: a population-based cohort study. QJM 97:397–406.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch078 - Wesierska-Gadek J, Hohenuer H, Hitchman E et al. (1996) Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 110:840–847.
https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894 - Win T, Groves AM, Philliops GD (2003) Antinuclear antibody positive pleural effusion in a patient with tuberculosis. Respirology 8:396–397.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00472.x - Woodland DL (2014) Hepatitis B infection: molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis. Viral Immunol 27:319–320.
https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2014.1504 - Worman HJ, Courvalin JC (2003) Antinuclear antibodies specific for primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoimmun Rev 2:211–217.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1568-9972(03)00013-2 - Woźniacka A, Salamon M, McCauliffe D et al. (2013) Antinuclear antibodies in rosacea patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 30:1–5.
https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.33372 - Yang Y, Krishna K, Deshpande P et al. (2018) High frequency of extractable nuclear autoantibodies in wheat-related disorders. Biomark Insights 13:1177271918782893.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1177271918782893 - Yazdi F, Shakibi MR, Mirkamali H et al. (2021) Addison's disease in antiphospholipid syndrome: a rare complication. Clin Case Rep 9:e04107.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.4107 - Zalla MJ, Muller SA (1996) The coexistence of psoriasis with lupus erythematosus and other photosensitive disorders. Acta Dermato-Venereologica Suppl (Stockh) 195:1–15. PMID: 8721520.
- Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Parasitic infection and autoimmunity. Lupus 18:1144–1148.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203309345735