Table 1
Experimental design
| Experimental group | Tested concentrations*# | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 × | 1 × | 2.5 × | 5 × | |
| AHF – Artificial honey (g/L) | 0.35 | 0.71 | 1.77 | 3.5 |
| STH – Strawberry tree honey (g/L) | 0.35 | 0.71 | 1.77 | 3.5 |
| STHE – Strawberry tree honey extract (mg/L) | 1.25 | 2.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 |
| HGA – Homogentisic acid (mg/L) | 0.107 | 0.214 | 0.535 | 1.07 |
| Exposure | ||||
| 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | ||
| Cell cultures | ||||
| HepG2 | Caco-2 | CAL 27 | ||
Figure 1
Cell viability of CAL 27 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH). # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations
Figure 2
Cell viability of HepG2 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH)* P<0.05 vs other STH concentrations. # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations. & P<0.05 vs all HGA concentrations
Figure 3
Cell viability of Caco-2 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH). * P<0.05 vs all STH concentrations. # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations
Figure 4
ROS induction in CAL 27 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH). # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations. $ P<0.05 vs all STHE and HGA Concentrations. & P<0.05 vs other HGA concentrations
Figure 5
ROS induction in HepG2 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH). * P<0.05 vs all STH concentrations. # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations
Figure 6
ROS induction in Caco-2 cells after 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h of treatment with strawberry tree honey (STH), strawberry tree honey extract (STHE), homogentisic acid (HGA), and artificial honey (AFH). * P<0.05 vs all STH concentrations. # P<0.05 vs all AFH concentrations