References
- Lomas A, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath-Hextall F. A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(5):1069–80.
- Perera E, Gnaneswaran N, Staines C, Win AK, Sinclair R. Incidence and prevalence of non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: A systematic review. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(4):258–67.
- Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Descalzo-Gallego MA, Otero-Rivas MM, Posada-Garcia C, Rodriguez-Pazos L, Pastushenko I, Marcos-Gragera R, Garcia-Doval I. Skin cancer incidence and mortality in spain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107(4):318–28.
- Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.
- Aggarwal P, Knabel P, Fleischer AB, Jr. United States burden of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer from 1990 to 2019. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(2):388–95.
- Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Feldman SR, Coldiron BM. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(10): 1081–6.
- Johnson CH, Ivanisevic J, Siuzdak G. Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016;17(7):451–9.
- Lains I, Gantner M, Murinello S, Lasky-Su JA, Miller JW, Friedlander M, Husain D. Metabolomics in the study of retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;69:57–79.
- Yin X, Chan LS, Bose D, Jackson AU, VandeHaar P, Locke AE, Fuchsberger C, Stringham HM, Welch R, Yu K, et al. Genome-wide association studies of metabolites in Finnish men identify disease-relevant loci. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):1644.
- Zhong H, Liu S, Zhu J, Wu L. Associations between genetically predicted levels of blood metabolites and pancreatic cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2023;153(1):103–10.
- Yun Z, Guo Z, Li X, Shen Y, Nan M, Dong Q, Hou L. Genetically predicted 486 blood metabolites in relation to risk of colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med. 2023;12(12):13784–99.
- Chen Y, Lu T, Pettersson-Kymmer U, Stewart ID, Butler-Laporte G, Nakanishi T, Cerani A, Liang KYH, Yoshiji S, Willett JDS, et al. Genomic atlas of the plasma metabolome prioritizes metabolites implicated in human diseases. Nat Genet. 2023;55(1):44–53.
- Raina P, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith LE, Balion C, Cossette B, Dionne I, Hofer S, Hogan D, van den Heuvel ER, et al. Cohort Profile: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(6):1752–3j.
- Cho Y, Haycock PC, Sanderson E, Gaunt TR, Zheng J, Morris AP, Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Exploiting horizontal pleiotropy to search for causal pathways within a Mendelian randomization framework. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1010.
- Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25.
- Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–8.
- Wu C, Wu L, Wang J, Lin L, Li Y, Lu Q, Deng HW. Systematic identification of risk factors and drug repurposing options for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2021;7(1):e12148.
- Zhong H, Liu S, Zhu J, Xu TH, Yu H, Wu L. Elucidating the role of blood metabolites on pancreatic cancer risk using two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cancer. 2024;154(5):852–62.
- Wang Y, Liu F, Sun L, Jia Y, Yang P, Guo D, Shi M, Wang A, Chen GC, Zhang Y, et al. Association between human blood metabolome and the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2023;25(1):9.
- Li Y, Wu J, Cao Z. Childhood sunburn and risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(58):122011–23.
- Dusingize JC, Law MH, Seviiri M, Olsen CM, Pandeya N, Landi MT, Iles MM, Neale RE, Ong JS, MacGregor S, et al. Genetic variants for smoking behaviour and risk of skin cancer. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16873.
- Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol Rev. 2009;89(2):381–410.
- Mariano M, Corrado R, Maria Pia G, Giovanni O, Gloria B, Anna Veronica T, Mario C, Matteo Angelo C. Decrease of serum carnitine levels in patients with or without gastrointestinal cancer cachexia. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(28).
- Fujiwara Y, Kobayashi T, Chayahara N, Imamura Y, Toyoda M, Kiyota N, Mukohara T, Nishiumi S, Azuma T, Yoshida M, et al. Metabolomics evaluation of serum markers for cachexia and their intra-day variation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PloS one. 2014;9(11):e113259.
- Huiyong Y, Ned A P. New insights regarding the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005;7(0).
- Ginger L M, Erik S M, Jason D M. The cyclopentenone (A2/J2) isoprostanes--unique, highly reactive products of arachidonate peroxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005;7(0).
- Rett BS, Whelan J. Increasing dietary linoleic acid does not increase tissue arachidonic acid content in adults consuming Western-type diets: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:36.
- Tallima H, El Ridi R. Arachidonic acid: Physiological roles and potential health benefits - A review. J Adv Res. 2018;11:33–41.
- White J, Sofat R, Hemani G, Shah T, Engmann J, Dale C, Shah S, Kruger FA, Giambartolomei C, Swerdlow DI, et al. Plasma urate concentration and risk of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(4):327–36.
- Kleber ME, Delgado G, Grammer TB, Silbernagel G, Huang J, Kramer BK, Ritz E, Marz W. Uric acid and cardiovascular events: A mendelian randomization study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(11):2831–8.
- Bockerman P, Viinikainen J, Pulkki-Raback L, Hakulinen C, Pitkanen N, Lehtimaki T, Pehkonen J, Raitakari OT. Does higher education protect against obesity? Evidence using Mendelian randomization. Prev Med. 2017;101:195–8.
- Cohen AK, Rai M, Rehkopf DH, Abrams B. Educational attainment and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(12):989–1005.
- Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SF, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature. 2016;533(7604):539–42.
- Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, Powell C, Vedantam S, Buchkovich ML, Yang J, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015;518(7538):197–206.
- Lawlor DA. Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: Opportunities and challenges. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(3):908–15.