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Development of carboxymethyl tamarind gum-based composite hydrogel films for wound dressing applications Cover

Development of carboxymethyl tamarind gum-based composite hydrogel films for wound dressing applications

European Pharmaceutical Journal
Volume 72 (2025): Issue 2 (December 2025)
By: ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Nov 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Composition of CMTG:FSM composite hydrogel films

BatchHM1HM2HM3HM4HM5HM6HM7
CMTG:FSM ratio (2 % w/v)1:09:19:19:18:27:31:1
Citric acid (% w/v)0.60.50.60.70.60.60.6

[i] CMTG: carboxymethyl tamarind gum, FSM: flaxseed mucilage

Figure 1.

Schematic representation of formation of hydrogel film.

Table 2.

Percent weight loss, thickness, TCC, and contact angle of CMTG–FSM composite hydrogel films.

BatchWeight loss (%)Thickness (μm)TCC (mEq/100 g)Contact angle (°)
HM130.28 ± 7.93575.00 ± 7.26350.33 ± 6.563.29 ± 0.47
HM229.89 ± 5.44593.86 ± 4.79370.67 ± 4.460.31 ± 0.49
HM332.33 ± 9.74590.00 ± 4.41407.00 ± 3.265.92 ± 0.38
HM434.17 ± 11.84578.33 ± 6.01427.35 ± 6.669.91 ± 0.39
HM533.03 ± 6.13587.44 ± 7.43390.33 ± 3.866.64 ± 0.22
HM635.15 ± 5.35584.33 ± 6.89331.67 ± 6.269.85 ± 0.55
HM737.21 ± 6.60572.22 ± 3.47304.33 ± 5.474.29 ± 0.18

[i] CMTG: carboxymethyl tamarind gum, FSM: flaxseed mucilage, SD: standard deviation, TCC: total carboxyl content Values are expressed as mean ± SD

Table 3.

Water vapor transmission rate, microbial permeability, protein adsorption, and hemolysis of CMTG–FSM composite hydrogel films.

BatchWVTR (g/m2)Microbial permeabilityProtein adsorption (mg/cm2)Hemolysis (%)
HM1987.96−ve0.0444.561
HM2941.13−ve0.0342.474
HM3905.00−ve0.0403.464
HM4791.40−ve0.0474.013
HM5887.36−ve0.0353.813
HM6843.36−ve0.0323.318
HM7820.18−ve0.0292.212

[i] CMTG: carboxymethyl tamarind gum, FSM: flaxseed mucilage, WVTR: water vapor transmission rate

Figure 2.

Swelling profile of hydrogel films in Tris HCl buffer pH 7.4 (a) and 0.1 N HCl (b).

Table 4.

Drug loading, drug release, and order of release of composite hydrogel films.

BatchDrug loading (mg/g)Q5h (%)aZero orderFirst orderHiguchiKorsmeyer–PeppasOrder of release
(r2)(r2)(r2)(r2)n
HM134.58 ± 2.6153.34 ± 2.580.8810.7330.9670.9680.511Non-Fickian
HM237.45 ± 1.2773.52 ± 3.090.7950.6400.9140.9390.552Non-Fickian
HM334.58 ± 1.9467.00 ± 2.770.7980.6370.9160.9310.567Non-Fickian
HM430.45 ± 4.1360.02 ± 1.620.7990.6430.9160.9360.588Non-Fickian
HM536.66 ± 2.7770.74 ± 2.710.7400.5820.8710.8970.535Non-Fickian
HM643.86 ± 3.6578.90 ± 3.730.7920.6230.9080.9080.523Non-Fickian
HM739.99 ± 3.9988.60 ± 3.270.8090.6270.9170.8920.514Non-Fickian

a Percent MTZ release at the end of 5 h

n: release exponent, r2: correlation coefficient

Figure 3.

MTZ release from hydrogel films in Tris HCl buffer pH 7.4.

Figure 4.

ATR–FTIR spectra of (a) CMTG, FSM, and hydrogel films HM1–HM5 and (b) hydrogel films HM3, HM5, HM6, and HM7.

Figure 5.

TGA curves of (a) FSM, CMTG, and hydrogel films HM1 and HM5 and (b) hydrogel films HM2–HM7.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2025-0010 | Journal eISSN: 2453-6725 (formerly 1338-6786) | Journal ISSN: 0301-2298
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 14
Submitted on: Jul 13, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 6, 2025
Published on: Nov 7, 2025
Published by: Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Hydrogel,
Flaxseed mucilage,
Citric acid,
Carboxymethyl tamarind gum,
Wound dressing
Related subjects:
Pharmacy,
Pharmacy, other

© 2025 Kailas Krishnat Mali, Vijay Daulatrao Havaldar, Nitin Hindurao Salunkhe, Om Santosh Varude, Niranjan Shishir Mahajan, Remeth Jacky Dias, published by Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 72 (2025): Issue 2 (December 2025)
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