A comprehensive study of ground-roasted coffee beans from Coffea liberica as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors

Riswanto, Florentinus Dika Octa; Adventra, Nicolaus De Deo; Priyambodo, Gregorius Seno; Kusraynaldi, Titus Marcel; Br Sembiring, Angel Yemima Srininta; Larasati, Theresia Niken; Windarsih, Anjar; Wira Waskitha, Stephanus Satria; Gani, Michael Raharja; Istyastono, Enade Perdana

doi:10.2478/afpuc-2025-0006

Figures & Tables

Inhibition percentage of GRCB solution and sitagliptin.

Total ion chromatogram of GRCB of Coffea liberica obtained from LC-HRMS analysis.

FTIR spectral profiles of GRCB, starch as an adulterant, and adulterated GRCB. Annotated peaks indicate selected peaks for generating the PCA model.

Individual plot (a) and variables plot (b) resulting from the principal component analysis.

AUC-ROC graph (a), individual background plot which was obtained using the maximum distance approach (b), and classification error rate analysis (c) of the partial least-squares discriminant analysis.

FTIR spectral and functional groups identification_

No	Wavenumbers (cm⁻¹)		Functional groups	Related compounds/materials	References
No	Identified	Literature	Functional groups	Related compounds/materials	References
1	3290	3660–2970	OH (phenol, alcohol, carboxylic acid)	Phenolic compound	Abreu et al., 2020
2	2924	2925–2908	C=O and C–H	Lipid	Sahachairungrueng et al., 2022
3	2854	2858	C–H methyl	Caffeine	Silva et al., 2018
4	1743	1745	Carboxyl linkage derived from xanthine derivatives	Caffeine	Wei-Lung Chou, 2012
5	1643	1650–1580	C=C phenyl ring	Chlorogenic acid isomers	Liang et al., 2016 several indices of browning and subsequent antioxidant values. Principal component analysis was used to interpret the correlations between physiochemical and antioxidant parameters of coffee. CGA isomer content was positively correlated (p < 0.001 Simatupang et al., 2023
6	1149	1176–1106	C–OH cyclohexane	Chlorogenic acid isomers	Abreu et al., 2020 Simatupang et al., 2023
7	1076	1077	C–O–C of hydrogen bonds between starch molecules	Starch	Abdullah et al., 2019
8	999	1157–982	C–O and C–C stretching with COH contributions	Starch	Pozo et al., 2018
9	930	920	C–O–C ring vibration of carbohydrate	Starch	Abdullah et al., 2018
10	860	856	C–O–C ring vibration of carbohydrate	Starch	Abdullah et al., 2018

Major metabolite compounds identified using LC-HRMS analysis_

No.	Name	Formula	Calc. MW	RT (min)	Area (%)	References
1	1,3,7-Trimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione	C₈H₁₀N₄O₂	194.080	4.027	61.344	Mazzafera et al., 1994
2	Methyl isonicotinate	C₇H₇NO₂	137.048	0.809	13.210	Liu et al., 2009
3	1-Stearoylglycerol	C₂₁H₄₂O₄	358.307	15.438	3.910	Ma et al., 2002
4	4-Hydroxycoumarin	C₉H₆O₃	162.032	3.712	2.356	Vezzulli et al., 2022
5	3-Hydroxy-2-methylpyridine	C₆H₇NO	109.053	0.803	2.138	Subarnas et al., 1991
6	Maltol	C₆H₆O₃	126.032	2.245	1.922	Stoffelsma et al., 1968
7	Choline	C₅H₁₃NO	103.100	0.764	1.561	Shirley & Chapple, 2003
8	(1R,3R,4S,5S)-4-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	C₁₆H₁₈O₉	354.095	3.705	1.369	Moreira et al., 2005
9	1-Linoleoyl glycerol	C₂₁H₃₈O₄	354.276	14.165	0.887	Tran et al., 2023
10	Picolinic acid	C₆H₅NO₂	123.032	1.014	0.589	Du et al., 2007
11	NP-011220	C₁₁H₁₈N₂O₂	210.137	5.313	0.585	Zhang et al., 2007
12	3-[(19Z)-15,16-dihydroxy-19-dotriaconten-1-yl]-5-methyl-2(5H)-furanone	C₃₇H₆₈O₄	576.511	21.305	0.522	Gleye et al., 2000
13	d-(+)-Pyroglutamic acid	C₅H₇NO₃	129.043	1.053	0.512	Osborne et al., 1994
14	Ethyl palmitoleate	C₁₈H₃₄O₂	282.255	15.606	0.465	Ekpendu et al., 1993
15	2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinol (TEMPO)	C₉H₁₉NO	157.147	8.994	0.442	Aprilia et al., 2025
16	N,N-dimethylaniline	C₈H₁₁N	121.089	1.135	0.435	Thomas & Bassols, 1992
17	(1S,3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-5-{[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	C₁₇H₂₀O₉	368.111	5.053	0.428	Moreira et al., 2005
18	Guvacoline	C₇H₁₁NO₂	141.079	1.766	0.402	Holdsworth et al., 1998
19	3-Hydroxypyridine	C₅H₅NO	95.037	0.801	0.384	Miyazawa et al., 1983
20	Monoolein	C₂₁H₄₀O₄	356.292	14.781	0.362	Okuyama et al., 2001
21	7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one	C₁₀H₈O₄	192.042	5.690	0.329	Komissarenko & Kovalev, 1992
22	NP-019811	C₆H₇NO₂	125.048	1.035	0.325	Zheng et al., 2018
23	Sitostenone	C₂₉H₄₈O	412.370	19.156	0.282	Xie et al., 2007
24	o-Toluidine	C₇H₉N	107.074	1.133	0.273	Vitzthum et al., 1975

A comprehensive study of ground-roasted coffee beans from Coffea liberica as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

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Figure 5.

FTIR spectral and functional groups identification_

Major metabolite compounds identified using LC-HRMS analysis_

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